Nanosized component

Nanocomposites can be of zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional [46]. Nanocomposites belong to special class of materials originating from suitable combinations of two or more nanosize components. Such materials have unique physico-chemical properties and wide potential applications [47, 48]. Mostly nanocomposites consist of one or more discontinuous phases of distributed in one continuous phase. Discontinuous phase is usually harder and with superior mechanical properties than continuous phase [49]. The continuous phase is called matrix and discontinuous phase is called reinforcement. The properties of nanocomposites materials depend on the properties of their individual components as well as their morphology [50]. 

Both batteries and fuei cells utilize controlled chemical reactions in which the desired process occurs electrochemically and all other reactions including corrosion are hopefully absent or severely kinetically suppressed. This desired selectivity demands careful selection of the chemical components including their morphology and structure. Nanosize is not necessarily good, and in present commercial lithium batteries, particle sizes are intentionally large. All batteries and fuel cells contain an electropositive electrode (the anode or fuel) and an electronegative electrode (the cathode or oxidant) between which resides the electrolyte. To ensure that the anode and cathode do not contact each other and short out the cell, a separator is placed between the two electrodes. Most of these critical components are discussed in this thematic issue. 

Moreover, the nanosized fibers of the swollen nanocelluloses can be coated with different components and the pore system can be loaded with agents (post-modification). Further methods in this field use well-known procedures... 

The bottom-up techniques described herein are based on the use of nanosize building blocks to fabricate precisely organized solids at various scales. The final architecture of the solid, and the way these blocks combine with each other, can be conveniently adjusted by the synthesis conditions, the selection and modification of these nanoblocks, and their chemical functionality. The spontaneous arrangement of individual nanoblocks is generally obtained via self-assembly through weak interactions. The control over the organization of these components allows for the incorporation of nanoparticles, biomolecules, or chemical functionalities inside the solid structure in highly precise locations. 

Including into initial PAN solution metal compounds provides the formation of metal-carbon nanocomposites. The nanosized metal particles were introduced into the structured carbon matrix in the course of IR pyrolysis of composite-precursor on the basis of PAN and compounds of corresponding metals. In this way carbon composites containing nanosized Gd particles (4Efficient reduction of metal takes place in the course of IR pyrolysis of composite-precursor with participation of hydrogen, which is released in dehydrogenation of main polymeric chain of PAN. 

Semiconductor and metallic nanoparticles have been extensively studied as active components in wide variety of basic research and technological applications due to their new or improved optical, electric, and magnetic properties compared to their bulk counterparts [1]. Therefore, exploitation of well-known materials in their new nanosized forms is strongly motivated area of research. Prussian Blue [2], an old pigment, is a coordination polymer formed by reaction of either hexacyanoferrate(II) anions with ferric (Fe(III)) cations, or hexacyanoferrate(III) anions with ferrous (Fe(II)) cations [3], According to X-... 

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