Physical properties nanomaterials

In the previous Chaps. 2 and 3, the main attention has been paid to the nanomaterials with essential size effect of their average properties. With the increase of a sample size, the latter properties vary from those primarily defined by a surface to those in a bulk sample. In this case, the former properties differ essentially from latter ones. The validity of latter statement follows from measurements of the spatial profiles of above physical properties. The results show clearly that local properties of nanoparticles (films) with not very small sizes (thickness) contain both surface and bulk contributions, see Fig. 2.18 for instance. Since majority of experimentally measured physical properties are indeed a mixture of bulk and surface ones, the bulk and surface contributions depend on sample geometry and surface S to volume V ratio. As a result the peculiarities of nanomaterials physical properties could be veiled by the bulk influence. The opposite example follows from Fig. 2.18,... 

Duwez, P., Willens, R.H. and Klement Jr., W. (1960b) J. Appl. Phys. 31, 1137. Edelstein, A.S. and Cammarata. R.C. (eds.) (1996) Nanomaterials Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia). 

Finally, the shape and self-assembly of these particles can also be controlled which gives rise to novel nanomaterials displaying interesting physical properties in the fields of semi-conductors, magnetism, or optics. 

ZnO photocatalyst can also be coupled with other materials in order to improve its chemical and physical properties [183] and photocatalytic activity [184]. Nanosized ZnO was immobilized on aluminum foil for the degradation of phenol [185]. Lanthanum and ZnO were combined to degrade 2,4,6-trichlorophenol [186]. Compared with Ti02 nanomaterial, ZnO nanomaterial generally absorbs a significant amount of the solar spectrum in the visible range therefore, ZnO nanomaterials were combined with Ti02 nanomaterials used as a photocatalyst [187]. 

Bio-nanomaterials are significantly different from traditional larger biomaterials (e g., implants or microparticles as mentioned earlier) in terms of their physical and biological properties. Due to their new set of biological and physical properties, bio-nanomaterials also show potential for use as therapeutics and in dmg delivery systems. For instance, Na and coworkers in 2007 used a bio-nanomaterial, heparin/... 

P. Braunstein, L. A. Oro and P. R. Raithby (eds.), Metal Clusters in Chemistry, vol. 1 Molecular Metal Cluster, vol. 2 Catalysis and Dynamics and Physical Properties of Metal Clusters, vol. 3 Nanomaterials and Solid-state Cluster Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999. 

Nanomaterials Synthesis, properties and applications, A. S. Edelstein and R. C. Cammarata (Eds.), Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, Philadelphia (1998). 

Nanomaterials are composed of structural entities - isotropic grains or particles, rods, wires, platelets, layers - of size, at least in one dimension, between 1 and 100 nm [1-3]. Larger particles are called submicron particles, smaller ones are known as clusters. Some physical properties of nanomaterials [4-6] differ from those of coarse-grained materials of the same chemical composition due to two essential features ... 

An important role of the catalysts (Ni, Cu, Fe) for the spectral composition, structural state and physical properties of the carbon nanomaterials produced with the electrical wire explosion and spark erosion methods was established. 

Time-resolved measurements are also one of the advantages in multiphoton spectroscopy. In the case of nanomaterials, physical and chemical properties are largely affected by interaction with surrounding environments. Therefore, the dynamical study should be useful for characterizing nanomaterials from the viewpoints of nanodevice applications. 

One of the successful apphcations of TERS is for the characterization of nanomaterials and even for the single molecule detections [37, 80-83]. Among the nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes have been extensively studied by TERS [38, 84] and the physical properties such as chirality, diameter, and defects have been investigated. In terms of a spatial resolution, Novotny s group recently reported... 

Edelstein AS, Canunarata RC (1996) Nanomaterials Synthesis, Properties and Apphcations. Institute of Physics, Bristol, UK... 

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