Nanofabrication polymerization

Luo K, Shi Z, Varesi J, Majumdar A (1997) Sensor nanofabrication, performance, and conduction mechanisms in scanning thermal microscopy. J Vac Sci Technol B 15 349-360 Majumdar A (1999) Scanning thermal microscopy. Annu Rev Mater Sci 29 505-585 Manghk RM, Wasekar VM, Zhang J (2001) Dynamic and equilibrium surface tension of aqueous surfactant and polymeric solutions. Exp Thermal Fluid Sd 25 55-64... 

Among the processes used for the formation of polyolefins, the longest-known but least selective one is free radical polymerization. A free radical species X produced e.g. by thermolysis of benzoyl peroxide or by photolysis of azabisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) - can react with the double bond of a vinyl derivative H2C=CHR to form a new radical of the type XCH2-CHR which can then add another H2C=CHR unit repetition of this process leads to polyolefin formation (Figure 2, top). This process works best for vinyl derivatives with unsaturated side groups, which provide resonance stabilization for an adjacent radical centre, e.g. with vinyl and acrylic esters, vinyl cyanides and vinyl chloride and with styrene and 1,3-dienes. It is extensively used in the emulsion polymerization of vinylic and acrylic derivatives and in the light-induced formation of photoresists for the nanofabrication of semiconductor chips and integrated electronic circuits. 

Dong, X.Z., Zhao, Z.S., and Duan, X.M. (2008) Improving spatial resolution and reducing aspect ratio in multiphoton polymerization nanofabrication. 

Distinct methods and strategies to tailor polymeric substrates with topographical signals have been discussed in this chapter. From the extensive work developed by many researchers and summarized here, it is evident that the majority of the studies has been performed onto 2 D surfaces, mainly due to the limitation of the fabrication techniques. Further and continuous advances in micro- and nanofabrication, as well as other technologies are under development. It is expected that by applying these technologies it would be possible to translate the advanced 2D models into 3D structures with such a high structural and hierarchical complexity that could mimic more efficiently the in vivo environment. 

Fragile polymeric materials, since they exhibit larger and quicker changes, particularly of their viscosity, near Tg, are excellent prototype systems for the experimental investigation of the glass transition. From the point of view of technical applications, these compounds are very suitable to develop heating-based nanofabrication processes, including many methods used to produce nanofibers. In particular, as is well known the simplest model that one can... 

The development of novel polymer latex particles, especially in the domain size lower than 100 nm, makes them very attractive, for instance, in nanotechnologies and bionanotechnology (which combines biosystems and nanofabrication). At first, innovating heterogeneous polymerization techniques such as those taking place in surfactant assemblies (microemulsions, vesicles etc.) or using polymerizable amphiphiles should provide polymer colloids with unexpected properties. In addition, the possibility to associate organic and... 

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