Nanobiocomposites

The new water soluble highly stable metal-polysaccharide nanocomposites of noble metals have been fabricated within the framework of the new approach to the synthesis of hybrid nanosized materials on the basis of arabinogalactan. Distinctive optical properties of the nanoparticles are demonstrated as the plasmonic resonance. Nanobiocomposites with target optical characteristics have a great potential to design promising multifunctional materials with controlled optical properties as well as new optical systems and optical markers in medicine. 

Ochratoxin-A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced in unstored food and beverages has recently been detected using CH-Fe304 nanobiocomposite modified indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode [73], This immunosensor shows a specific response to OTA detection in the range of 0.5 - 6 ng/dL with a detection limit of 0.5 ng dL 1. The sensitivity of the bioelectrode has been found to be 36 pA/ng dL"1 cm 2 with response time of 18s [101],... 

There is a particular type of composites nanobiocomposites. Because of the significant discussion surrounding this type of material, the next section is given over to this topic. 

Nanobiocomposites are a specific class of nanocomposites [AVE 11, BOR 09a, CHI 09]. They are hybrid materials comprising fillers of nanometric size... 

According to the existing literatnre, two main families of nanoparticles have tended to be incorporated into plasticized starch to form nanobiocomposites ... 

The most intensive research on nanobiocomposites relates to nanoclay-based materials [PAR 03, RAQ 07] - particrrlarly rrsing clays such as MMT because of its availability, polyvalence and low toxicity. It shorrld be noted that other types of clay have successfully been tested, as happens in the case of sepiolite. 

We can show by DMTA and DSC that lamellar clays partially restrict the mobility of the starch chains [PAR 02], Nanoclays are also known for having an impact on the permeabihty to water vapor of the corresponding nanocomposites, particularly when they are correctly oriented. Park et al. looked at the permeabihty of nanobiocomposites to water vapor with different types of clay [PAR 02]. According to those authors, all the films analyzed showed decreased permeability to water vapor in comparison to the matrix alone. Such results were not confirmed in the case of OMMT-CS, which has a very highly plasticized matrix [CHI 10a]. In this case, the high affinity of the clay platelets with starch-rich phases creates preferential diffusion pathways through the glycerol-rich phases, in which the platelets tend to be absent. 

MARIO] Martino V.P., Ruseckaite R.A., Jimenez A., et al, Correlation between composition, structure and properties of poly(lactic acid)/polyadipate-based nanobiocomposites , Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, vol. 295, no. 6, pp. 551-558,2010. 

Lin, E.-R, Chiu, C.-J., and Tsai, Y.-C. [2014]. One-step electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole-graphene-glucose oxidase nanobiocomposite for glucose sensing, J. Electrochem. Soa, 161, pp. B243-B247. 

Deepshikha etal. have fabricated a novel nanobiocomposite bienzymatic amperometric cholesterol biosensor, coupled with cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), based on the gold nanoparticle-decorated graphene-nanostructured PANI nanocomposite (NSPANI-AuNP-GR) film which was electrochemically deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode from the nanocomposite (NSPANI-AuNP-GR) dispersion, as synthesized by in situ polymerization technique [166]. The... 

The morphology and mechanical properties of chitosan were promoted by adding CNT. Besides, it was demonstrated that direct electron transfer is very useful for the adsorption of haemoglobin in a CNT/CHT composite film. The studies have demonstrated that this nanobiocomposite can be used in many fields, such as biosensing and biofuel cell applications [58-63]. 

There are several methods for the creation of nanobiocomposites, some of which are considered for the preparation of chitosan/CNT nanocomposites. These methods are discussed below. 

CNT/CHT nanobiocomposites for immunosensors were produced by some researchers. In such nano biocomposites, electron transport enhanced and improved the detection... 

Ojijo, V. and Ray, S.S. (2014) Nanobiocomposites based on synthetic aliphatic polyesters and nanoclay. Prog. Mater ScL, 62, 1—57. 

The use of nanotechnologies in the food industry may present potential risks to both human health and the environment due to the use of novel materials in novel ways, and risk assessments must be carried out. Three different ways of entrance penetration of nanoparticles in the organism are possible inhalation, skin penetration and ingestion. Free nanoparticles can cross cellular barriers and that exposure may lead to oxidative damage and inflammatory reactions. In the case of nanomaterials for food packaging, many people fear risk of indirect exposure due to potential migration of nanoparticles from packaging materials, in particular nanobiocomposites. 

X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is one of the microstructural analysis methods used for the identification of aystaUinity of polymers, recognition of crystalline phases (polymorphism), and orientation of polymers. Olivato et al. [64] prepared starch/ polyester nanobiocomposites based on sepiolite clay, and from wide-angle XRD they showed no significant alteration of the crystalline structures of PBAT and starch induced by the sepiohte clay. Scaffaro et al. [155] added OMM to HDPE/PA-6 blends using a co-rotating TSE and characterized by SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses. They... 

In this chapter we demonstrate two possible methods to prepare electrically conducting nanobiocomposites using natural polymers and proteinaceous wastes generated from the leather industry in combination with carbon nanostructures as filler. 

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