Nano-leakage

Any voids associated with nano-leakage are too small to admit bacteria and so it is doubtful if they are in themselves sources of further tooth decay or other immediate clinical problems. However, they may well act as sites of hydrolytic degradation of the bonding agent and may thus grow to the point at which bacteria and their metabolic products may be admitted. This then leads to potential damage to the underlying tooth tissue. 

Recently, the first applications of LA-ICP-MS for analysis of biological and clinical samples have been reported. In dental analysis, calcium, silver and mercury have been measured in low concentrations to identify nano-leakages of teeth restorations. A newly developed cryogenically cooled laser cell (cryocell) for ablation allows the determination of trace elements in frozen tissues, making time-consuming digestions unnecessary in many cases. In proteins separated by gel electrophoresis, selenium and phosphorus concentrations have been determined using standards for quantification separated under the same electrophoretic conditions. 

Endosomal leakage and nuclear translocation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes developing a model for celluptake. Nano Letters, 9 (12), 4370-4375. 

It is particularly difficult when the gradient nano LC flow rate is below 1 /tL/min at which any small plumbing leakage could significantly affect retention time and gradient reproducibility. A 3 cm capillary column packed with 1.5 to 3 /tm particles can be run at a high flow rate to reach... 

The non-specific adsorption of proteins on carbon nanotubes is an interesting phenomenon but represents a relatively less controllable mode of protein-CNT interaction. Moreover, in non-covalent immobilization process, the immobilized protein is in equilibrium between the surface of the carbon nanotubes and the solution and can therefore be gradually detached from the nano-material surface, a phenomenon called protein leakage [127]. To prevent the leaching of enzymes, covalent bonds have been used to attach the enzyme molecules to the nanostructured materials, which lead to more robust and predictable conjugation. Experimental evidences prove that proteins can be immobilized either in their hollow cavity or on the surface of carbon nanotubes [130]. 

The frequently encountered problem in operating nano-LC system is leakages that need careful inspection... 

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