Naming compounds review

Analytical applications of pyrazolones have been reviewed by Busev et al. (65RCR237). Organic bases are easily characterized by formation of highly crystalline salts with picrolonic acid (l-(4-nitrophenyl-3-methyl-4-nitro-5-hydroxypyrazole). The last-named compound is used as a reagent for alkaloids, tryptophan, phenylalanine and for the detection and estimation of calcium (B-76MI40404). 

As you saw in Chapter 6, the ratio of ions in an ionic compound is determined by the charges on the ions. In a salt, the ions will combine to form compounds with a net charge of zero. Before listing the specific rules for naming compounds, let s review a few things about ions and electrical charges ... 

Organic chemical literature. Information on named compound formula indexes infornriation on named reaction laboratory procedure locating a review of a class of compounds. 

Inorganic chemical literature. Named compounds named minerals laboratory procedure review of theory. 

All of the examples used here involve elements with only one possible oxidation state. When we are required to name compounds that contain elements with more than one oxidation state, we use the stock system, which uses Roman numerals to indicate the oxidation number of the less electronegative element. We can usually determine the oxidation number of the less electronegative element by considering the rules for oxidation numbers presented in Lesson 5-1. It would probably be a good idea to review those rules before you try to follow these next examples. 

P450cam has been engineered, primarily via structure-based rational design, to accept a variety of nonnative snbstrates such as other terpenes (e.g., (-i-)-a-pinene), alkanes, diphenylmethane, styrene, polychlorinated benzenes, and other aromatic compounds (reviewed in [4]). These studies revealed four hot spots that determine the substrate specificity of P450cam, namely the residues Y96, F87, L244, and V247. 

The drugs and other compounds reviewed are largely those given International Nonproprietary Names. Information on the dose, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and pKa values for some of these compounds can be found in standard works such as those of Moffat et al., Baselt and O Neil et al ... 

This activity catalyses the oxidation of the coenzyme NAD" " by hydrogen peroxide. It was first observed some years ago in our laboratory (16) and then investigated more and more extensively (17-23). The whole reaction is biphasic, a first step consisting of the enzymatic conversion of NAD to a product, named Compound I, which spontaneously converts to NADX, the final stable product, studied with NMR spectroscopy for its structure. It is interesting to note that NADH is a strong inhibitor of this reaction. The main feature of this activity will be here briefly reviewed, together with some recent results. 

Nitriles contain the —C=N functional group We have already discussed the two mam procedures by which they are prepared namely the nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides by cyanide and the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to cyanohydrins Table 20 6 reviews aspects of these reactions Neither of the reactions m Table 20 6 is suitable for aryl nitriles (ArC=N) these compounds are readily prepared by a reaction to be dis cussed m Chapter 22... 

This class of fungicides has been reviewed (184). Standard compilations of pesticides provide information on names, stmctures, and uses of these compounds (185,186). 

Garbapenem P-Lactamase Inhibitors. Carbapenems are another class of natural product P-lactamase inhibitors discovered about the same time as clavulanic acid. Over forty naturally occurring carbapenems have been identified many are potent P-lactamase inhibitors. Garbapenem is the trivial name for the l-a2abicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system (21) shown in Table 3. The synthesis (74), biosynthesis (75), and P-lactamase inhibitory properties (13,14,66) of carbapenems have been reviewed. Carbapenems are often more potent than clavulanic acid and include type I Cephases in the spectmm of inhibition. Table 3 Hsts the available P-lactamase inhibition data. Synergy is frequendy difficult to demonstrate because the compounds are often potent antibacterials. 

Penem B-Lactamase Inhibitors. The synthesis and antibacterial properties of penems, the trivial name for the 4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system (24), have been reviewed (107,108). Like the closely related carbapenems, many of the penems are potent antibacterials. Additionally, penems are also susceptible to degradation by renal dipeptidase, but to a lesser extent. The limited -lactamase inhibitory data available for penems are presented in Table 4. SCH-29,482 [77646-83-4] (24, R = H, R = CH(OH)CH2, R = SCH2H ), C2qH23NO S2, is reported to be an inhibitor of type I Cephases and the OXA-2 enzyme (109). Compounds [101803-54-7] and [101914-68-5] (24, R = H, R = CH2CH(OH),... 

Table 3 lists the structures and generic names of the principal penicillins in current medical usage, and Table 4 indicates in summary form the relative antibacterial properties of these compounds. The reader is urged to consult reviews such as (B-77MI51106) for a more complete treatment, since summaries such as Table 4 inevitably omit a large amount of important detail. 

The pyridopyrimidines discussed in this review are derived by the ortho fusion of the pyridine and pyrimidine rings through ring carbon atoms. There are four such compounds for which the nomenclature and numbering of Chemical Abstracts (1-4) will be used. Alternative names used in the literature are 1,3,8-triazanaphthalene (1), 1,3,5-tri-azanaphthalene (2), 1,3,7-triazanaphthalene or copazoline (3), and 1,3,6-triazanaphthalene (4). There has been no previous review of the... 

The name hydroxamic acid was first used by Losseii in 1869, in the case of oxalohj droxamic acid, obtained from diethyl oxalate and hydroxylamine. Where this grouping forms part of the main cyclic system, however, the compound is named as a derivative of this system. In this review, 2 and 3 would be named as 1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone and l-hydroxy-2-pyridone, respectively. 

JCS (P2) 1651]. For a compound existing in an enol-keto tautomeric equilibrium, the name used in this review is that of the tautomer found in the crystalline state. 

There are four possible pyrazol-3-(Mie structures I-IV. The nomenclature most frequently used in the literature has been taken from Chemical Abstracts, wlwre for example, structure I is named 2,3-dihydropyrazol-3(lW)-(Mie and structure II is named 4,5-dihydropyrazol-5(l//)-one. Compounds I and II have also been named as pyrazolinones. Compounds with structure IV have been referred to as 2,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadienones. To avoid this needless confusion, the nomenclature used throughout this review is in accord with the recommendations set forth by lUPAC. 

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