Music instruments

The violin (Fig. 28.17) is a member of the family of musical instruments which we call "string" instruments. Table 28.4 shows just how many different types of string instruments there are of European origin alone - not to mention the fascinating range that we can find in African, Asian or Oriental cultures. 

Jewelers findings and materials, and lapidary work 3931 Musical instruments... 

Parsons was, first and foremost, a compulsive inventor. He spent his days inventing everything from children s toys to the Auxetophoiie, a mechanical amplifier for stringed musical instruments. His success as an inventor lies in his inquisitive nature and the fact that he was equally comfortable with the-oity and practice. 

Over one weekend, Julio s school is badly flooded. Someone broke in and, after putting the plugs in all the washbasins in the upstairs toilets, they turned all the taps on. The overflowing water ruined carpets on both floors and caused large parts of the ground floor ceiling to collapse. Several televisions, some musical instruments and a lot of computer equipment were ruined. The repairs to the school are very expensive. A week later Julio discovers who caused all the damage and the vandals find out that he knows about them. 

In the music department at a school, a music teacher counted the musical instruments and... 

Natural and synthetic resins are organic compounds easily found in art objects either as varnishes and protective coatings or binding media, adhesives, consolidants and finishing layers. They are mainly used in manufacturing paintings, but also in pottery, furniture and wooden objects, sculptures, musical instruments and works on paper. In addition, natural and synthetic resins have widespread use as conservation materials. 

The nature of the resulting wave depends on the phase difference (2) is 0 degrees, or 360 degrees, then the two waves are said to be in phase, and the maximum amplitude of the resultant wave is A1 + A2. This situation is termed constructive interference. If the phase difference is 180 degrees, then the two waves are out of phase, and destructive interference occurs. In this case, if the amplitudes of the two waves are equal (i.e., if A = A2), then the two waves cancel each other out, and no wave is observed (Fig. 12.1). Standing waves, such as those seen when the string on a musical instrument vibrates, are caused when the reflected waves (from the bridge of the instrument) are in phase and thus interfere constructively. 

The acoustic properties of wood are changed by acetylation and there have been several reports of the utilization of acetylated wood in musical instruments (Yano etal., 1986a, 1988, 1993 Obataya, 1999). Both the sound velocity and sound absorption decrease as the WPG of wood is increased. 

Minato, K. and Yano, H. (1990). Improvement of dimensional stability and acoustic properties of wood for musical instruments by sulfur dioxide catalysed formahzation. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 36(5), 362-367. 

Ono, T. and Norimoto, M. (1984). On physical criteria for the selection of wood for soundboards of musical instruments. Rheologica Acta, 23, 652-656. 

Yano, H. and Minato, K. (1993). ControUing the timbre of wooden musical instruments by chemical modification. Wood Science and Technology, 27(4), 287-293. 

Yano, H., Norimoto, M. and Rowell, R.M. (1993). Stabilization of acoustical properties of wooden musical instruments by acetylation. Wood and Fiber Science, 25(4), 395-403. 

Copper, being easy to mine and refine, has become a very versatile metal over the course of civilization. Early in human history, it was discovered that soft copper could be made harder and stronger when alloyed with other metals. Copper was and still is important to technology and the development of civilizations. Over the past several thousand years, brass has found multiple uses, such as in coins, cooking utensils, and many types of instruments and hardware that are resistant to corrosion. Even today, brass is used to make musical instruments and bathroom, kitchen, and marine hardware. The U.S. one-cent penny was originally made of copper, but today the penny is made of zinc with a coating of copper. Copper is also an alloy metal used as a substitute for some of the silver in several other U.S. coins. 

Silver and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications. As a precious metal, silver is used in jewelry. Also, one of its alloys, sterling silver, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces. The metal and its copper alloys are used in coins. Silver-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications. They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments. 

If you punch a few holes along the tube, you alter the frequencies of the standing waves that can form in the tube, with the result that different pitches are produced. This is the underlying principle in such musical instruments as flutes and saxophones. 

Folklore Limeflowers were thought to cure epilepsy if the sufferer sat under the tree. The wood of the lime tree is valued for its pale colour and its suitability for turning and carving. It is used in the manufacture of musical instruments (Bown, 2003 British Herbal Medicine Association, 1983 Graenwald et al., 2002 Shealy, 1998 Tierra, 1998). 

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