Muscadines

The colors of muscadine grape juice and wine were enhanced by copigmentation with formonetin, biochanin A, and prunetin, the major isoflavonoids extracted from red clove leaves, at ratios of 1 2, 1 4, and 1 8. The 1 8 ratio representing the maximum amount of isoflavonoids used due to its limiting solubility yielded the maximum color enhancement when compared to standard solutions of anthocyanins, at 23 and 60°C. ... 

Talcott, S.T., Pelle, J.E., and Brenes, C.H., Red cloves isoflavonoids as anthocyanin color enhancing agents in muscadine wine and juice. Food Res. Int., 38, 1205, 2005. 

Phenolic (benzoic) acids Ellagic acid Strawberries Muscadine grapes... 

Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S and Krewer G. 2003. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes. J Agric Food Chem 51(18) 5497—5503. 

Rich luscious awfeet wines, prepared in the J. department of Herault, and very little as-( ported also muscadines, f Rich sweet winas, boiled wines, snd malmseys,... 

Red rich muscadine, of a flue flavor and perfinue. Luscious red muscadine. 

The most esteemed of the Tuscan muscadines. Good muscadines. 

A cordial wine, prepared with wormwood, c. Good muscadine. 

San Lucar di Barnmeda. Manzanilla Tarragona j Andalusia (I f( A light red muscadine. Dry white, of inferior quality ( a vin dll pays., Ditto. ... 

Hudson TS, Hartle DK, Hursting SD, Nunez NP, Wang TT, Young HA, Arany P, Green JE. 2007. Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by muscadine grape skin extract and resveratrol through distinct mechanisms. Cancer Res 67 8396-8405. 

Carroll, D. E. (1986). Effects of carbonic maceration on chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of muscadine wines. J. Food Sci. 51,1195-1196. 

Parish, M. E. and Carroll, D. E. (1985). Indigenous yeasts associated with Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) grapes and musts. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 36,165-169. 

High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array (HPEC-DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (ESI-MS(n)) has been used to identify anthocyanins in muscadine grapes (Sandhu et ah, 2010). Six different anthocyanin 3,5-diglucosides were identified in muscadine grape skins (Sandhu et al., 2010). 

Sandhu, A.K. Gu, L. 2010. Antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, and profiling of phenolic compounds in the seeds, skin, and pulp of Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine Grapes) as determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n). J. Agric. Food Chem. 58 4681-4692. 

Lee, J.H. Talcott, S.T. 2002. Ellagic acid and ellagitannins affect on sedimentation in muscadine juice and wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 3971-3976. 

Each cultivar possesses a specific flavonol and dihydroflavonol profile (quantitative and qualitative aspect) that could be used for taxonomic characterization (Mattivi et al. 2006 Masa et al. 2007). It was believed that white cultivars did not contain any methylated flavonol until Rodriguez Montealegre et al. (2006) detected small amounts of isorhamnetin glucoside in their skins. Based on a survey of 91 Vitis vinifera cultivars, Mattivi et al. (2006) concluded that isorhamnetin derivatives are present in small amounts in white cultivars whereas derivatives of myricetin, laricitrin and syringetin appear to be specific of red cultivars. However, myricetin was detected in some white Muscadine cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia sp.) (Talcott and... 

Talcott, S., Lee, J. (2002). Ellagic acid and flavonoid antioxidant content of Muscadine wine and juice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 3186-3192. 

There are 4 main types of grapes grown in North America European, or wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) American (V. labrusca), such as Concord hybrids between European and American and muscadine (V. mtundifolia). European grapes generally are most susceptible to diseases. American grapes are the most cold-hardy. Their hardiness (Zones 4-10) depends on the species and cultivar. 

Plant in a sunny site with deep, well-drained, moderately fertile soil and good air circulation to promote disease resistance. Train vines to a fence or trellis. Prune in late winter to keep the fruit within reach, to increase cluster size, and to allow air an i sunlight to penetrate the branches. Enclo fruit clusters in paper bags to keep birds away from berries and to control some insects and diseases. Many muscadines need cross-pollination, but the other types are self-pollinating. 

Pierce s disease, a bacterial disease common in the South, is spread by leafhoppers. Infected vines typically show scorched, dried leaves in midsummer, wilted dried fruit, and eventual death of the vine. There is no cure for this disease. Dig up infected plants and replant with disease-free stock. Muscadine grapes are resistant to Pierce s disease, as are the American grape cultivars Champanel , Herbemont , and Lenoir . 

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