Municipal wastewater reclamation

The superior flux and rejection capabilities of the thin film composite membrane has been demonstrated at the municipal wastewater reclamation facility of the Orange County Water District in California. Both asymmetric cellulose acetate and thin film composite membranes were tested on lime clarified secondary effluent. The pilot plants were operated at 85% recovery and the rejections reported in Table 4.5 are the percent rejection of the constituents in the feed-water and not the rejection of the average concentration of the specific constituents in the feed/reject stream. Use of the average concentration would give a higher rejection in both cases. 

The spiral wound element requires less pretreatment than the hollow fine fiber element or, stated in another manner, it is less susceptible to fouling. For instance, the hollow fine fiber has been tested and found to foul excessively on municipal wastewater reclamation applications while the spiral wound element has been operated successfully. The spiral wound element must be cleaned with chemical solutions, but there are no mechanical means available to clean this element. 

Xu N, Xing W, Xu N, Shi J. Application of turbulence promoters in ceramic membrane bioreactor used for municipal wastewater reclamation. J. Membr. Sci. 2002 210 307-313. 

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are increasingly widely used for municipal wastewater reclamation [1]. However, RO treatment generates... 

Xu, P., C. Bellona, and J. E. Drewes. 2010. Fouling of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes during municipal wastewater reclamation Membrane autopsy results from pilot-scale investigations. J. Memb. Sci. 353 111-121. 

Ghayeni S.B.S., Beatson P.J., Schneider R.P., and Fane A.G., Water reclamation from municipal wastewater using combined micro filtration-reverse osmosis (ME-RO) Preliminary performance data and microbiological aspects of system operation. Desalination 116 1998 65-80. 

As the MBR process does not need the secondary clarifier for the solid-liquid separation, it can prevent these inherited problems that occur in the conventional processes for the wastewater reclamation (29). The resulting high-quality and completely disinfected effluent means that the MBR process can be used for many purposes, i.e., industrial and municipal wastewater treatment and reuse (30). More important, the land requirement of MBR is much less than that of conventional wastewater reclamation processes. 

Membrane technology used in water reclamation includes five major membrane types reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and liquid membranes. These five types of membranes are discussed briefly, and examples of their applications in municipal and industrial wastewater reclamation is also described. 

With world population increase and scarcity of water sources, the key to providing a sustainable development of water resources is to carry out water reclamation. The concept of water reclamation is to treat wastewater from different sources to meet different water quality requirements of various water applications economically. USEPA provided guidelines for nonpotable water reuse,which stated various conventional technologies commonly used in treating municipal wastewater such as primary and secondary treatment, and specified the... 

Dialynas E et al (2008) Advanced treatment of the reverse osmosis concentrate produced during reclamation of municipal wastewater. Water Res 42(18) 4603 608... 

One of the most important applications of RO is in the reclamation of large volumes of municipal and industrial wastewaters and the concentration of the solids for... 

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