Municipal sohd waste

Other Plastics. A relatively small amount of poly(vinyl chloride) goes into packagiag appHcations and appears in municipal soHd waste (25). 

Each vehicle generates 500—800 pounds of residue. The aimual U.S. total is about 3.5 million tons or about 1.3% of the municipal soHd waste generated aimuaHy (3). The mixture is too complex to separate and recycle. Depending on the amount of glass, water, metal, and dirt present, the residue... 

EranMin Associates Limited, "Characterization of Municipal SoHd Waste in the United States, 1994 Update," Report No. EPA 530-94-042, Nov. 1994. 

Includes fuelwood, charcoal bagasse, and animal, crop, pulp, paper, and municipal soHd wastes, but does not include derived biofuels. Sums of individual figures may not equal totals because of rounding. 

Municipal Solid Waste. In the eady 1990s, the need to dispose of municipal soHd waste (MSW) ia U.S. cities has created a biofuels industry because there is Htde or no other recourse (107). Landfills and garbage dumps are being phased out ia many communities. Combustion of MSW, ie, mass-bum systems, and RDF, ie, refuse-derived fuel, has become an estabhshed waste disposal—energy recovery industry. 

Ash Characteristics. The elemental ash composition of biomass waste and municipal soHd waste differs dramatically from that of coal (qv). ... 

Given the mechanisms and temperatures, waste combustion systems typically employ higher percentages of excess air, and typically also have lower cross-sectional and volumetric heat release rates than those associated with fossil fuels. Representative combustion conditions are shown in Table 11 for wet wood waste with 50—60% moisture total basis, municipal soHd waste, and RDF. 

Ethanol can also be produced from cellulose (qv) or biomass such as wood (qv), com stover, and municipal soHd wastes (see Euels frombiomass Euels FROMWASTe). Each of these resources has inherent technical or economic problems. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is operating a 2 t/d pilot plant on converting cellulose to ethanol. 

A goal of reducing total mercury releases in the United States by 33% between 1988 to 1992, and 50% by 1995 was set by the EPA. The 1992 goal was more than achieved United States reportable mercury releases were reduced by 39% by 1991 (26). In the United States, discards of mercury in municipal soHd waste streams were approximately 643 t in 1989 (3). As a result of increased restrictions on the use and disposal of mercury, by the year 2000 mercury in municipal soHd waste streams is expected to be about 160 t (3). 

Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood Hquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal soHd waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 

Increasing consumption of recovered paper is expected to remain a significant factor ia patterns of fiber production and demand, and is likely to iacrease as governments legislate iacreased recovery of fiber from municipal soHd waste. Abundant sources of secondary fiber offer world papermakers a less expensive alternative to virgin fiber. 

Fig. 6. An iategrated approach to the management of municipal soHd waste (MSW), advocated by the U.S. EPA, that links source segregation, recycling, waste-to-energy (WTE), and landfilling ia a single system. Source segregation refers to the separation of compostable and recyclable components from the balance of the trash at the poiat where MSW is collected. In source reduction (not shown), another action to reduce waste to landfills, changes are made ia...

Many problems need to be solved before chemurgic materials can be economically used as feedstocks. Among these problems are the recovery, purification, and fractionation of the diverse materials. However, none of these problems are insurmountable. Serious concerns are the supply of the raw material, the relative costs of competitive materials, and competition with other uses for the raw materials. Competition is particularly significant because materials, such as wood, could easily be used in many cases for pulping or even higher value products, such as stmctural timber. Municipal soHd waste offers a substitute raw material with few other uses (33). 

Physical Composition Information and data on the physical composition of solid wastes including (1) identification of the individual components that make up industrial and municipal sohd wastes, (2) density of solid wastes, and (3) moisture content are presented below. 

Typical proximate-analysis data for the combustible components of industrial and municipal sohd wastes are presented in Table 25-52. 

Transfer and Transport of Hazardous Wastes The facilities of a hazardous-waste transfer station are quite different from those of an industrial or municipal sohd-waste transfer station. Typically, hazardous wastes are not compacted (mechanical volume reduction). 

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) were promulgated under Sections 111(b) and 129 of the CAA Amendments of 1990. The NSPS apphes to new municipal sohd-waste combustors (MWCs) with... 

Jerzykiewicz, M., Drozd, J., and Jezierski, A. (1999). Organic radicals and paramagnetic metal complexes in municipal sohd waste composts. An EPR and chemical study. Chemosphere 39,253-268. 

Cohen, R., Chefetz, B., Hadar, Y., Suppression of soil-borne pathogens by composted municipal sohd waste. In, Beneficial co-utilization of agricultural, municipal and industrial bi-products. Brown, S., Angle, J.S., Jacobs, L., eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1998, pp. 113-130. 

Okamoto, M., Miyahara, T., Mizuno, O., and Noike, T. 2000. Biological hydrogen potential of materials characteristic of the organic fraction of municipal sohd wastes. Water Sci. Technol., 41, 25-32. 

T. Eighmy, B. Crannell, L. Butler, F. Cartledge, E. Emery, J. Eusden, E. Shaw, and C. Francis, Heavy metal stabilization in municipal sohd waste combustion dry scrubber residue using soluble phosphate, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 37 (1997) 3330-3338. 

MPW = mixed plastic waste MSW = municipal sohd waste ASR = auto shredded residue BFB = bubbling fluidized bed CFB = circulating fluidized bed. Rows in itaUcs are related to fluidized-bed processes. Data have been mainly obtained from [9, 20-24]... 

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