Multivalent structures

Polymeric multivalent structures will have high molecular weights and as such will not likely to be orally active and would require other routes of administration such as parenteral delivery. Also, high molecular weight materials tend to be mixtures that are difficult to characterize and to control in manufacturing. 

Compare to historical ill-defined neoglycoprotein, major progresses have been made in the preparation of well defined multivalent structures based on dendrimeric scaffold. Among the building blocks used for such construction, carbohydrate-based blocks allow an access to a versatile panel of chiral and branched scaffolds. The major advantages of carbohydrate cores are ... 

The multivalence structure of chemical elements opens numerous possibilities for chemical product formation, energy utilization and distribution, stereo-selectivity and product orientation. Experiments on the effect of selective product formation and vibrational, translational and orientational excitation of reactants in bimolecular reactions can give important insight into their microscopic dynamics. The information obtained in such experiments can be compared with the results of theoretical calculations of the reaction dynamics based on ab initio potential energy surfaces and is also of fundamental interest for improving the kinetic data used in detailed chemical kinetic modelling. 

Applicability Most hazardous waste slurried in water can be mixed directly with cement, and the suspended solids will be incorporated into the rigid matrices of the hardened concrete. This process is especially effective for waste with high levels of toxic metals since at the pH of the cement mixture, most multivalent cations are converted into insoluble hydroxides or carbonates. Metal ions also may be incorporated into the crystalline structure of the cement minerals that form. Materials in the waste (such as sulfides, asbestos, latex and solid plastic wastes) may actually increase the strength and stability of the waste concrete. It is also effective for high-volume, low-toxic, radioactive wastes. 

With respect to the carrier mechanism, the phenomenology of the carrier transport of ions is discussed in terms of the criteria and kinetic scheme for the carrier mechanism the molecular structure of the Valinomycin-potassium ion complex is considered in terms of the polar core wherein the ion resides and comparison is made to the Enniatin B complexation of ions it is seen again that anion vs cation selectivity is the result of chemical structure and conformation lipid proximity and polar component of the polar core are discussed relative to monovalent vs multivalent cation selectivity and the dramatic monovalent cation selectivity of Valinomycin is demonstrated to be the result of the conformational energetics of forming polar cores of sizes suitable for different sized monovalent cations. 

Binding proteins such as antibodies, receptors, and lectins may spontaneously aggregate in presence of bi- or multivalent specific ligands. This process, however, often results in assemblies that lack well-defined morphological and structural elements. 

Here, we describe the design and preparation of antibody supramolecular complexes and their application to a highly sensitive detection method. The complex formation between antibodies (IgG) and multivalent antigens is investigated. When an antibody solution is mixed with divalent antigen, a linear or cyclic supramolecule forms [26-29]. With trivalent antigens, the antibody forms network structures. These supramolecular formations are utilized for the ampH-fication of detection signals on the biosensor techniques. 

Interactions of pectins with multivalent cations Phase diagrams and structural aspects... 

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