Dissociative identity disorder

The involvement in Project Monarch was not simply sexual. According to O Brien, the MPD would trigger a Dissociative Identity Disorder or DID. Mind control experts knew this could lead to an extraordinary high pain threshold, a heightened visual acuity and a compartmentalization of her memory which would allow for retention of detailed messages and data that she would not ordinarily comprehend. These memory compartments are what clinicians would refer to as personalities. This would allow O Brien and others like her to perform a variety of sexual and diplomatic tasks for the puppet masters in the CIA, DIA, NS A, or any of the other security agencies in the alphabet soup of government security acronyms. 

Dissociative identity Disorder (DID). There are numerous similarities between this dissociative illness, which includes multiple personality disorder, and BPD. Patients with both disorders are commonly victims of physical or sexual abuse as children and experience intense shifts in affect and periods of dissociation. Some clinicians in fact discount the validity of DID as a psychiatric diagnosis, contending that the phenomena of DID can be explained by BPD. In fact, severely ill BPD patients very much resemble the prototypical patient with DID. 

Psychotherapy, with emphasis on the strength of the therapeutic alliance, has been used more often than drugs for such patients, with hypnotherapy specifically used as an intervention for multiple personality (dissociative identity) disorder ( 303, 304). In The Netherlands, individual psychotherapy and adjunctive anxiolytic or antidepressant medications are the most widely endorsed treatment modalities (305). 

Kluft RP. An overview of the psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder. Am J Psychother 1999 53 289-319. 

Powell RA, Gee TL. The effects of hypnosis on dissociative identity disorder a reexamination of the evidence. Can J Psychiatry 1999 44 914-916. 

Sno HN, Schalken HF. Dissociative identity disorder diagnosis and treatment in the Netherlands. Eur Psychiatry 1999 14 270-277. 

The DSM was produced by the American Psychiatric Association primarily as a manual for American clinicians and has been largely guided by research on the U.S. population. As a result, the document reflects an American version of psychopathology that may not accurately describe psychopathology found in other cultures. Cross-cultural epidemiological studies suggest that certain disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, dissociative identity disturbance) exist mainly in industrialized countries and are rarely seen in... 

Dissociation is the core feature of the dissociative disorders it is defined by the DSM-IV as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 477). Dissociation is usually assessed as a continuum, most often using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES Bemstein-Carlson Putnam, 1986), a 28-item self-report measure. The DES items are rated on a scale reflecting the frequency of dissociative experiences (O-to-100% in 10% intervals). Factor analyses of DES items have led to the development of three subscales (Carlson et al., 1993 Frischholz, Braun, Sachs, Schwartz, 1991 Ross, Joshi, Currie, 1991). They are (a) Absorption, which reflects dissociation from surroundings (e.g., daydreaming) (b) Amnesia, which reflects dissociation from past experiences and (c) Depersonalization-Derealization, which reflects dissociation from the body or senses. 

Dissociative Disorders. Many of the reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD are, in fact, dissociative phenomena. The numbing symptoms of PTSD also resemble the depersonalization and derealization experienced by those with dissociative disorders. Furthermore, dissociative symptoms are the principal manifestation of acute stress disorder, the predecessor to PTSD that arises in the first month after a trauma. The diagnosis of a dissociative disorder is warranted when dissociative symptoms exceeding the PTSD criteria, (e.g., amnesia or profound identity disturbance) are present. 

Let us now consider disorder in a crystalline phase, to be specific, in solid AgCl. In this case some silver ions have left their regular sites, and hence, left vacancies behind. As one can see (Fig. 1.2b), there is a very close analogy to Eq. (1.1). Even the nature of the driving force for the internal dissociation, namely the gain in entropy of configuration, is identical. The subtraction of the perfect structure as an invariant yields an excess cation (Ag ) and a cation vacancy ( Agf) as the relevant particles. Just as in Eq. (1.1c) we can write... 

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