Multiphase polymers, definition

Definitions of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase polymeric materials (lUPAC Recommendations 2004), Pure Appl. Chem. 76, 1985-2007 (2004). Reprinted as Chapter 9, this edition. 

Definitions of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase polymeric materials... 

Note 5 The use of the term "polymer alloy for polymer blend is discouraged, as the former term includes multiphase copolymers but excludes incompatible polymer blends (see Definition 1.3). 

Definitions of Terms Related to Polymer Blends, Composites, and Multiphase Polymeric Materials (2004), 186... 

Our definitions of phases or multiphases, respectively, include interfacial events, but it must be emphasized that the engineer s definition of interphases or interfacial engineering concentrates more on solid-solid phase boundaries such as in the manufacture of chips, photographic films, polymer composites, advanced ceramics, etc. [12], or on processes with heterogeneous catalysts and other phases [13], Last, but not least, the possibility of placing the emphasis on greener techniques and thus so-called sustainable operations [14] may be mentioned in passing. 

In further quest for development of more efficient materials, clue had been provided by ongoing mixed (interdisciplinary) research. Intelligently the immediate inspiration was drawn from mixed systems (i.e., blends, alloys or composites) based on conventional polymers, metals, and ceramics. Soon it was realized that the already established wide applicability of CPs/ICPs can be further expended by formation of multiscale/multiphase systems, e.g., a wide variety of electronically, electrochemically, and/or optoelec-tronically active blends (BLNs), conjugated copolymers (CCPs) and composites (CMPs) [both bulk or nanocomposites (NCs)] or hybrids (HYBs) [11,14-16,52,109,113,120,128,131,132,191-205]. The next section of the chapter covers the fundamental aspects of CP-based BLNs, CCPs, and NCs/ HYBs. In particular, their definitions (including etymology), types, properties, synthetic routes, and practical applications have been discussed with the help of suitable examples from the open literature. 

Several interesting observations relate to such thermodynamic measurements. For example, the exothermic effects, associated with phase separation in LCST-type polymer blends, showed a correlation between the exothermic enthalpy and the interactions between the components (Natansohn 1985) however, the specific interaction parameter xn was not calculated. In another example, there are definitive correlations between the thermodynamic and the transport properties (see Chap. 7, Rheology of Polymer Alloys and Blends ). Thermodynamic properties of multiphase polymeric systems affect the flow, and vice versa. As discussed in Chap. 7, Rheology of Polymer Alloys and Blends , the effects of stress can engender significant shift of the spinodal temperature, AT = 16 °C. While at low stresses the effects can vary, i.e., the miscibility can either increase or decrease. 

Work WJ, Hess KHM et al (2004) Definitions of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase polymeric materials. Pure Appl Chem 76(11) 1985-2007 Wanapun D, Kestur US et al (2010) Selective detection and quantitation of organic molecule crystallization by second harmonic generation microscopy. Anal Chem 82 5425-5432 Wanapun D, Kestur US et al (2011) Single particle nonlinear optical imaging of trace crystallinity in an organic powder. Anal Chem 83 4745-4751... 

Definition of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase polymeric materials This recommendation defines the most commonly used terms encountered when dealing with polymer blends and composites and is limited to mixtures in which the components differ in chemical composition or molar mass or both and in which the polymer forms the continuous phase. Many of the multiphase systems are in fact biphasic systems with a multitude of finely dispersed phase domains. Crystalline and liquid crystalline multiphase systems are the subject of other documents. 

Sometimes, in analogous to metal alloys, the term polymer alloy is used. According to the lUPAC recommendation, the term polymer alloy for a polymer blend is discouraged. The term polymer alloy should be used for polymeric materials with macroscopically uniform physical properties in their whole volume. This definition includes compatible polymer blends, miscible polymer blends, or multiphase copolymers. 

As it is well known [1] that the interlacial interaction role in multiphase systems, including polymer composites, is very great. In polymer composites such interactions (interfacial adhesion) absence results in sharp reduction of their reinforcement degree [2]. For polymer nanocomposites interfacial adhesion existence in the first place means the formation of interfacial regions, which are the same reinforcing element for these materials, as nanofiller actually [3], Proceeding from the said above, it is necessary to know the conditions and mechanisms of interfacial regions formation in polymer nanocomposites for their structure control. The present paper purpose is these mechanism definition and the indicated researeh is performed on the example of three particulate-filled nanocomposites on the basis of butadiene-styrene rubber. 

A detailed listing of the definitions of the many terms employed in polymer blends, composites and multiphase polymeric materials (lUPAC recommendation 2004) is provided in [53]. 

Work, W.J., Horie, K., Hess, M., Stepto, R.F.T., 2007. Definitions of Terms Related to Polymer Blends, Composites, and Multiphase Polymeric Materials, 76, pp. 1985-2007. 

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