Electrochromism multicolor

Copolymers of thiophenes and didodecyloxybenzenes have been synthesized as well, exhibiting multicolor electrochromism coupled with high contrast ratios and fast response times (Scheme 8) [45]. Since all three basic colors in the RGB (red-green-blue) system can be obtained, the material is a potential candidate for display applications. 

Pauporte T, Bedioui F, Lincot D et rd. (2005) Nanostructured zinc oxide-chromophore hybrid films with multicolored electrochromic properties. J. Mater. Chem. 15 1552-1559. 

Cai, G., Tu, J., Zhou, D., Zhang, J., Xiong, Q., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Gu, C., 2013. Multicolor electrochromic film based on ri02 polyaniline core/shell nanorod array. J. Phys. Chem. C 117,15967-15975. 

Sonavane, A., Inamdar, A., Deshmukh, H., PatU, E, 2010b. Multicolored electrochromic thin films of NiO/ PANE J. Phys. D. 43,315102. 

Preparation and characterization of PANI/NiO nanocomposite using various surfactants, e.g., polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxypropylcellulose, were reported by Aleahmad et al. [230]. PANl and NiO were electro-codeposited from aniline and NiSO through cyclic voltammetric scans at controlled acidity leading thus to the formation of PANI/NiO composite film [231]. The stability of NiO in the composite films against acidic environments was found to be enhanced in comparison with the corresponding stability of pure NiO. Electrochemical catalytic behavior of PANl/NiO composite film was demonstrated by the catalytic oxidation of methanol and ethanol. Multicolored electrochromic thin films of... 

Wang HM, Hsiao SH. Multicolor electrochromic poly(amide-imide)s with N,N-diphenyl-A A -di. /g /. )utylphenyl-1,4-phe-nylenediamine moieties. Polym Chem 2010 1 1013-23. 

Ko, H.C., S. Kim, H. Lee, and B. Moon. 2005. Multicolored electrochromism of poly l,4-bis[2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl]benzene derivative bearing viologen functional groups. Adv Funct Mater 15 905. 

Kaneko, M., H. Nakamura, and T. Shimomura. 1987. Multicolor electrochromism of polyaniline film. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 8 179-180. 

Electrochromic materials are cheap and simple to produce and they can provide reasonable contrast for a variety of colors [13], The increasing popularity of electrochromic materials is due to their rapid response times, long lifetimes, high optical contrasts and their ability to be modified in order to create multicolored electrochromics [7],... 

Figure 20.9 ECD device of PEDOT and PBEDOT-Cz on an interdigitated, line-patterned electrode, switching between (a) bleached state and (b) colored state. Reprinted with permission from A. A. Argun, P. Aubert, B. C. Thompson, I. Schwendeman, C. L. Caupp,J. Hwang, N.J. Pinto, D. B. Tanner, A. G. MacDiarmid, J. R. Reynolds, Multicolored electrochromism in polymers structures and devices, Chem. Mater. 76, 4401 (2004). Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society...

Fused azole systems with three heteroatoms can be represented by ben-zothiadiazole (BT), benzoselenodiazole (BSe), benzotriazole (BTA)." Among them the heterocycle BT is most widely used in conjugated co-polymers. Derivatives of BT have been widely used in organic electronic devices, especially in terms of electrochromic applications. While incorporated into the conjugated backbone these BT moieties bring to the polymeric material such properties as strong ICT transition dipole, multicolored electrochromism and efficient photoluminescence. 

Multicolor electrochromic devices consist of different electrochromic active conducting polymers showing specific colors at quite different operation potentials. Polyaniline-poly(sodium acrylate)-PT and polyaniline-poly(sodiimi acrylate)-3-methylPT films are constructed by combining polyaniline-poly(sodium acrylate) with its specific color in the oxidized state with PT and 3-methylPT films showing their specific color in the reduced state [168]. 

Morita, M., Multicolor electrochromic behavior of polyaniline composite films combined with tungsten trioxide, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 609, 1994. 

While A-B-A with composed alkylene dioxythiophene monomeric A units can be polymerized oxidatively to the corresponding polymer, linear (AB) and star branched polymers have to be made by organometallic reactions due to a low reactivity of the B unit. (AB) polymers with EDOT as the A unit and phenylene (Vlf) as well as fluorene (Vlg) structures as the B unit were synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation and show electrochromic behavior without any conspicuous properties. On the other hand, hyperbranched polymers with an additional triarylaminic core unit and similar composed branches made from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and didodecyloxybenzene structures exhibited multicolor electrochromism to produce the three basic colors in the RGB system red, green, and blue. 

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