Muds, classification

The classification of drilling muds is based on their fluid phase, alkalinity, dispersion, and type of chemicals used. 

DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Rheological Classification of Drilling Fluids... 

Drilling fluids used in the upper hole sections are referred to as dispersed noninhibited systems. They are formulated from freshwater and may contain bentonite. The classification of bentonite-based muds is shown in Table 1-2. 

Both classifications are based on the depositional texture of the limestone Folk s emphasis is on the similarity of carbonate sedimentation to that of sandstones, resulting in a scheme employing as variables the lime mud spar cement ratio and allochem composition. Allochems may be intraclasts, ooids, fossils or... 

Figure 5.4. Classification of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments proposed by Mount (1985). It is an unfolded tetrahedron in which the apices are siliciclastic sand, carbonate allochems, siliciclastic mud, and carbonate micrite. For comparison with Folk s (1962) classification, the classification of pure fossiliferous limestone is also plotted.

DOT CLASSIFICATION 2.2 Label Nonflammable Gas SAFETY PROFILE MUdly toxic by inhalation. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. An asphyxiant in high concentrations. At elevated pressures, 50% mixtures with air are combustible although ignition is difficult. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of F" and CT. See also CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, ALIPHATIC and FLUORIDES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 3 Label Flammable Liquid SAFETY PROFILE MUdly toxic by ingestion. A skin and eye irritant. A flammable liquid. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use alcohol foam. 

The fuzzy hierarchical cross-classification algorithm was used to classify eight mud samples. Each sample was characterized as a vector with 23 components representing chemical analysis. The fuzzy partition tree obtained by using simultaneous classification of muds and their characteristics is shown in Fig. 8. There are six final fuzzy classes in this hierarchy. The classical partition corresponding to the final fuzzy classes of the muds is 111 Krinides Lisbori Ai 2z> Argilla Solare A 2i> Pnkolimni ... 

FIGURE 8 Fuzzy cross-classification hierarchy of therapeutic muds. 

The fuzzy cross-classification algorithm produces both a fuzzy partition and a fuzzy partition of characteristics compatible with the former. The advantages of this algorithm include the ability to observe not only the fuzzy classes obtained and their relationship, but also the characteristics corresponding to each final class of objects. Each object class may be well described using the corresponding characteristics. These are the characteristics that have contributed to the separation of the respective fuzzy class. Fuzzy divisive hierarchical cross-classification of therapeutic muds based on their physicochemical characteristics allowed an objective interpretation of their origin and maturation and helped in their classification. It also permitted quantitative and qualitative identification of the compo-... 

Screening of estuarine and marine sediment samples by automated pyrolysis mass spectrometry combined with factor-discriminant analysis leads to a useful classification related to the geographical position and the sources of the organic matter. The mass spectral data give preliminary information about the organic matter composition. Analysis of the characteristic mass peaks m/z=86 and 100 by PMSMS and PGCMS points to bacterial poly-alkanoates in the mud fraction of the river sediments. 

Most common fluids of simple structure are Newtonian (i.e., water, air, glycerine, oils, etc.). However, fluids with complex structures (i.e., high polymer melts or solutions, suspensions, emulsions, foams, etc.) are generally non-Newtonian. Examples of non-Newtonian behavior include mud, paint, ink, mayonnaise, shaving cream, polymer melts and solutions, toothpaste, etc. Many two-phase systems (e.g., suspensions, emulsions, foams, etc.) are purely viscous fluids and do not exhibit significant elastic or memory properties. However, many high polymer fluids (e.g., melts and solutions) are viscoelastic and exhibit both elastic (memory) as well as nonlinear viscous (flow) properties. A classification of material behavior is summarized in Table 5.1 (in which the subscripts have been omitted for simplicity). Only purely viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are considered here. The properties and flow behavior of viscoelastic fluids are the subject of numerous books and papers (e.g., Darby, 1976 Bird et al., 1987). 

These classifications bear genetic implications because the fine-to-coarse parhcle ratio is controlled to a large degree by sorting processes and the availability (productivity) of the coarse particles and the lime muds in a given depositional environment. 

Synonyms 1-Decanol, 2-octyl Octyidecanol (INCI) 2-Octyl decanol Octyidecyl alcohol Classification Aliphatic alcohol Empirical CisHsaO Precaution Combustible Uses Intermediate for plasticizers raw material in the mfg. of aikyi phthalates, phosphoro diethionates, aikyi methacrylate monomers defoamer in drilling muds and fermentation broths emollient in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals cosmetic raw material Manuf./Distrib. Sea-Land... 

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