Mud Hydraulics

DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Rheological Classification of Drilling Fluids... 

Lummus, James L., Drilling in the Seventies, Part II Analysis of Mud-Hydraulics Interaction, Petroleum Engineer, February 1974. 

A mud motor (Fig. 3.17) is a positive displacement hydraulic motor, driven by the circulated drilling fluid. A continuous seal is formed between the body ( stator ) and the... 

Pump Installation 627. Pump Operation 630. Pump Performance Charts 631. Mud Pump Hydraulics 631. Useful Formulas 645. 

The hydraulic horsepower produced by mud pumps depends mainly on the geometric and mechanical arrangement of the suction piping. If suction-charging centrifugal pumps (e.g., auxiliary pumps that help move the mud to the mud pump) are not used, the pump cylinders have to be filled by the hydrostatic head. 

Start the mud pump, running as slowly as possible, to pump fluid at a rate of 1.5 to 2.0 bbl/min. This reduces fluid friction resistance pressures to a minimum and pumps at minimum standpipe pressure for circulation. The standpipe pressure (for 1.5 to 2.0 bbl/min) can be found from standard fluid hydraulic calculations. 

Calculate the optimal hydraulic parameters for the hole depth of 8,555 ft if the available data are as given below Type of pump Continental Emsco F-1600 with 97% pump volumetric efficiency. To prevent rapid pump wear, the pump pressure should not exceed about 80% of the maximum pump pressure at any liner size. The hole size is 12- - in. and the mud weight is 9.7 Ib/gal. 

A final important class of composite materials is the composite hquids. Composite liquids are highly stmctured fluids based either on particles or droplets in suspension, surfactants, liquid ciystalhne phases, or other macromolecules. A number of composite liquids are essential to the needs of modem industiy and society because they exhibit properties important to special end uses. Examples include lubricants, hydraulic traction fluids, cutting fluids, and oil-drilling muds. Paints, coatings, and adhesives may also be composite liquids. Indeed, composite hquids are valuable in any case where a well-designed liquid state is absolutely essential for proper delivery and action. 

Although the ultimate cause of a blowout is human error to control the hydraulic wellbore pressure with drilling mud, in some cases the failure of the BOP to control the situation also contributed to the incident. The causes of the BOP failures are analyzed below ... 

Air rotary U or C 2000+ M,R,I no drilling mud usually required because of hydraulics associated with this method good for recovery and injection well construction produced fluids require handling (hazardous if NAPL is encountered) Fast cuttings removal rapid poor sample quality diameter limitations formation not plugged with... 

Comparing these airflow intervals with those permeable zones induced by conventional hydraulic fracturing indicated that explosive fracturing created additional communication paths to wells 2 and 5 at the 73-ft level. However, the injection capacity of well 3 was reduced 64%. This may have resulted from too wide a dispersion of the liquid explosive, so that the shot was not strong enough to lift and fracture the overburden rock permanently, or the fractures may have been plugged by fine oil-shale particles or mud. 

Petroleum production In drilling muds, cementing fluids, hydraulic fracturing fluids, workover fluids, completion fluids, pipeline cleaning fluids, and enhanced recovery fluids... 

Turbo-drilling was pioneered in California in the 1940s. But, it was perfected by the Russians and it is almost standard equipment in Russia. The turbo-drill can be 12 times faster than a rotary. The bit is rotated by the hydraulic power of the mud stream pumped down through a non-rotary pipe. A turbine below the drill pipe converts the hydraulic power of the mud stream into rotary power. 

Saponified polyacrylate-grafted starches have been designed as drilling-mud additives, hydraulic fluids, and flocculants,2982,3056 PVC gaskets,3057 and components of biodegradable plastics.3058-3060 Such copolymers, either free or as... 

The filter press, like the centrifugal ma -chine, only expels a part of the water in mud, tic. tlius, if a sewage mnd contains ar the outset OO to 05% of moisture, it m iy be reduced by Hie filter press down to 50 to fJO%, accorifing to the time during which the pres-sure is umintained. It is only in a few cases that hydraulic presses, screw presses, etc., can be employed for desiccation. 

Figure 12.4. Geometry and formation parameters used to model a hydraulic fracture caused by very heavy oil-based mud.

More rapid drilling (slim holes, optimised bit choice, good hydraulics and mud design) reduces shale exposure time. Since all of the diffusive processes are time-dependent, instability is less commonly observed, and slim holes are inherently easier to drill. However, the hydraulic system must be studies to insure adequate hole cleaning without excessive flow pressure effects (called equivalent circulating density effects in the oil industry). 

---