Mucopolysaccharides, association with

M50. Morgan, W. T. J., Mucopolysaccharides associated with blood group specificity. Ciba Found. Symp. Chem. Biol. Mucopolysaccharides, pp. 200-210 (1958). 

V.P. Bhavanandan and E.A. Davidson, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA., 1975, 72, 2032-2036, Mucopolysaccharides associated with nuclei of cultured mammalian cells. 

Both the refractory and labile fractions of HMW DOM can be lost from seawater through formation of macrogels that aggregate into marine snow. The labile fraction that is known to participate in marine snow formation are the TEPs, such as mucopolysaccharides found in the mucus sheaths surrounding fecal pellets and plankton colonies. HMW DOM is also lost from seawater via (1) adsorption onto sinking POM and minerals, (2) conversion into POM at the sea surfece by turbulence associated with bursting bubbles, and (3) photochemical degradation. 

The dermis contains several types of cells, including fibroblasts, fat cells, macrophages, histiocytes, mast cells, and cells associated with the blood vessels and nerves of the skin. The predominant cell is the fibroblast, which is associated with biosynthesis of the fibrous proteins and ground substances such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates, and mucopolysaccharides. 

The pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma is still unknown, but there is reduced outflow, and excessive accumulation of mucopolysaccharides may be a major factor. An association with cataract and papilledema has often been observed. The rise in intraocular pressure is variable in the pediatric study of low dose cited above there was a reversible effect in only two of 23 subjects compared with controls, but in other studies serious increases in pressure have occurred, with a risk of blindness. 

Microbial communities associated with the surface mucopolysaccharide layer and tissue of healthy and yellow band diseased coral, Montastraea faveolata, were examined with GeoChip to determine the microbial functional structures and understand how changes in the microbial community may impact disease status (109). Diseased corals had increased numbers of cellulose degradation and nitrification genes, suggesting that these processes may provide a competitive advantage to coral pathogens. 

Cell fractionation studies of five strains of cyanobacteria indicate that MAAs are located primarily (>90%) within the cytoplasm and not the cell sheaths, walls, or membranes.132 Extracellular placement of MAAs does occur in some cyanobacterial species that posses cellular sheath layers.134135 Extracellular MAAs are covalently bonded to oligosaccharide molecules embedded in the cyanobacterial sheath matrix and provide substantial protection to prevent photobleaching of chlorophyll within the cell. Intracellular or extracellular distributions of MAAs in eukaryotic cells have not been investigated. Based on the high MAA concentrations of Phaeocystis antarctica colonies, it has been suggested that MAAs are associated with the extracellular mucopolysaccharide matrix of the colony.125 This may be a more common phenomenon than currently recognized, and future research efforts will be necessary to further document extracellular occurrence of MAAs in cyanobacteria and algae. 

Several cases of torsade de pointes have been reported with intravenous haloperidol used with lorazepam to treat delirium (SEDA-18, 30) (SEDA-18, 47). Acid mucopolysaccharide deposition may be associated with neuroleptic drug treatment as a possible mechanism contributing to rare cardiovascular adverse events (57). 

F-1) The mucopolysaccharidoses are proteoglycan disorders that generally result from a hereditary lysosomal defect in enzymes that normally degrade mucopolysaccharides (in most cases heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate). This leads to the accumulation of different mucopolysaccharides, which may be associated with a variety of different findings, commonly including mental retardation and various skeletal abnormalities. These diseases include Hunter disease, Hurler and Scheie disease, I-cell disease , Maroteaux-Laury disease, Morquio syndrome, Mucolipidoses VH disease, multiple sulfatase deficiency, and Sanfilippo A and B diseases, which will not be elaborated on further here. Often these conditions can be detected in advance on amniocentesis. 

SILICON Associated with many mucopolysaccharides and may be important in the structuring of connective tissue. Excess, as in inhaling silica particles, may result in pulmonary inflammation (silicosis). 

Any studies of the carbohydrate components that constitute an intrinsic part of the collagen molecule are considerably hampered by the problem of freeing the material from mucopolysaccharide impurities. These impurities have been studied by a number of authors (e.g., Eastoe and Eastoe, 1954 Leai h, 1960). The experiments described above indicate that the hexosamine associated with collagen is part of an impurity and not part of the collagen. 

The detailed chemistry of the stratum corneum is complicated by the membrane s composition, formation, and structure. Some gross chemical characterizations have determined the primary chemical components of the tissue which are shown in Table I (29). The tissue is primarily cellular with approximately 10% extracellular components which are lipid and mucopolysaccharides. The bulk of the tissue is densely packed intracellular fibrous protein associated with lipids, resulting in a dry general body corneum density of 1.35-1.40 gm/cm as determined by a gas displacement technique (30). 

The anticoagulant activity of the aortic mucopolysaccharides and the associated ability to stimulate the production of lipid-clearing activity are considered (G7) to be of significance in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Immunoelectrophoresis has been employed to demonstrate (G4) that one part of the lipids in sclerotic aortic intima is identical with plasma P-lipoprotein. The deposition of plasma P-Iipopro-teins may be associated with the ability of some specific mucopolysaccharide of sclerotic aortic intima to bind p-lipoprotein. 

Acidic (sulfated) mucopolysaccharides (aminopolysaccharides), which form only a small part of total mucosubstances, are associated with bacterial virulence-enhancing ability (S25-S27), as well as lipotropic (C4) and lipid-clearing effects (Gl, G2, Rll). 

---