Motor neurons Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis patients must be treated with agents specific for upper motor neuron spasticity. 

Oral - For the control of clinical spasticity resulting from upper motor neuron disorders such as spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. It is of particular benefit to the patient whose functional rehabilitation has been retarded by the sequelae of spasticity. Such patients must have presumably reversible spasticity where relief of spasticity will aid in restoring residual function. 

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are those in which the irreversible deteriorization of neurons affects movement and/or memory. A number of these diseases have been associated with neurotoxic chemical exposures. These include Parkinson s disease, Alzheimer s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also called motor neuron disease), and multiple sclerosis. NDDs and their associations with neurotoxic exposures are introduced here. Specific examples and case studies are discussed in the following sections. 

The development of new medicinal products for narrower indications in serious, and usually poorly understood, diseases such as multiple sclerosis and motor neurone disease has resulted in a closer approximation of study subjects selected for the controlled clinical trial to the patients encountered in clinical practice. Many of these products are biologically derived, and while efficacy in the two situations may be similar, longer and larger trials will be needed to fully appreciate adverse event profiles. 

Multiple sclerosis and motor neuron disease are diseases of the nervous system, but are included here because major effects of these diseases are on skeletal muscle function. 

Strictly speaking, motor neuron disease and multiple sclerosis are diseases of the nervous system, rather than the musculoskeletal system. However, although these conditions are relatively rare, they are included here because the consequences of them affect skeletal muscle function and because health care professionals are likely to be involved in the care of patients with these two conditions. 

Motor neuron disease and multiple sclerosis are diseases of the nervous system that affect muscle function. Both these diseases are progressive and there are no cures for... 

There is no cure for either multiple sclerosis or motor neuron disease. What can be done to improve the outlook for patients with these diseases ... 

Apoptosis has been implicated in delayed neuronal death associated with many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson s disease, stroke, Huntington s disease, traumatic head injury, Alzheimer s disease, motor neuron degeneration, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis. Since an extensive description of the role of apoptosis in each of these disorders is beyond the scope of the present text, we shall focus on anti-apoptotic strategies for stroke, Parkinson s disease, and multiple sclerosis. 

The author would like to acknowledge his former colleagues David Edgar and Rupert Timpl for their support during his initiation into the laminin field. He is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the Australian Research Council, the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Australia and the A.L.S.-Motor Neurone Disease Society of Australia. 

CNS trauma damage, stroke or CNS suppression by overdose of drugs such as opiates and anaesthetlos reduces stimulation of the respiratory musoles Pamage to nerves between the CNS respiratory centre and the respiratory muscles causes hypercapnia, e.g. spinal cord damage, Guillain-Barr syndrome, multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease, poliomyelitis... 

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