Motor execution

Motor, executive functions Slower saccades. Some impairment, especially in complex tasks No effect... 

Motor, executive Improved performance Improved performance... 

There are three main approaches whereby tracking performance can be fractionated or decomposed into its functional components sensory, perceptual, cognitive, motor planning, and motor execution. 

The first involves breaking the ballistic response in step tracking into reaction time, movement time, overshoot, and settling time [Flowers, 1976 Evarts et al., 1981 Jones and Donaldson, 1986 Behbehani et al., 1988 Kondraske et al., 1988] (see Time domain (baUistic) analysis below). This allows indirect deductions about cognitive, motor planning, and motor execution functions, although the distinction between cognitive and motor elements often remains imprecise. 

Accuracy of the primary aimed movement can also be characterized in terms of a constant error and a variable error (standard deviation of error), which are considered to be indices of accuracy of central motor programming and motor execution respectively [Guiard et al., 1983]. 

Sensory-motor system Comprises all performance resources responsible for all types of sensory-motor performance. Encompasses sensory systems (visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile), motor systems (muscles, neuromuscular pathways and reflexes, motor planning, motor execution and coordination), and many higher-level systems in the CNS (visuoperception, cognition, memory, central executive, arousal, attention, default mode, etc.). 

Input time + linear timel + n cycle time + linear time2 + corticospinal time + motor execution time)... 

Hanewinkel R, Ferstl R (1996) Effects of modality shift and motor response shift on simple reaction time in schizophrenia patients. J Abnorm Psychol 105(3) 459-463 Hauber W, Bubser M, Schmidt WJ (1994) 6-Hydroxy dopamine lesion of the rat prefrontal cortex impairs motor initiation but not motor execution. Exp Brain Res 99(3) 524-528 Hauber W (1996) Impairments of movement initiation and execution induced by a blockade of dopamine D1 or D2 receptors are reversed by a blockade of N-methyl-D-aspar-tate receptors. Neuroscience 73(1) 121-130 Haznedar, MM, Buchsbaum MS, Luu C, Hazlett EA, Siegel BV Jr, Lohr J, Wu J, Haier RJ, Bunney Jr WE (1997) Decreased anterior cingulate gyrus metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154(5) 682-684... 

Activities of Oxy-Hb and DeOxy-Hb on Motor Imaging and Motor Execution by... 

In this study, NIRS data measured during imaginary tasks and motor execution task of human brain. Dvuing the experiment, the subject sat on a chair in a quiet room in front of a computer screen which displayed the left and right arrows on the screen. Experiment carried out on healthy subjects in 80 sec for one task. Each task has 3 periods. The first 20 sec and last 20 sec are relaxing period. Imaging and moving period take 40 sec (Eig 1). 

The available NIRS instrument (FOIRE - 3000 from Shi-madzu Corporation, Japan) was used to measure the change in concentration of Oxy-Hb and DeOxy-Hb during left and right-hand motor imaging and motor execution. The illuminator and detector optodes were placed on the scalp. The detector opto-des were fixed at a distance of 3 cm from the illuminator optodes. The optodes were arranged on the left and right hemisphere on the subject s head, above the motor cortex, around C3 (left hemisphere) and C4 (right hemisphere) areas (International 10-20 System). A pair of illuminator and detector... 

In this part, we want to know is the Oxy-Hb and DeOxy-Hb in motor execution change as the same rule as motor imagine. And the comparison between moving fast and moving slow was demonstrated. 

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