Mortality drug-related

J. A. Johnson and J. L. Bootman, Drug related morbidity and mortality a cost of illness model, Arch. Intern. Med., 55, 1949 (1995). 

F. R. Ernst and A. J. Grizzle, Drug-related morbidity and mortality updating the cost-of-illness model, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 41, 192 (2001). 

Even though methadone treatment reduces the high mortality of intravenous addicts to about 30% of controls, a number of patients and non-patients still overdose on methadone itself (Vormefelde and Poser, 2000), although the availability of methadone itself does not appear to be linked to increases in drug-related deaths (Oliver, 2002). 

Johnson, J., and J. Bootman, "Drug-Related Morbidity And Mortality. A Cost-Of-Illness Model," Arch. Intern. Med., 155, 1949-1956 (1995). 

Ernst, F.R. and A.J. Grizzle, "Drug-Related Morbidity and Mortality Updating the Cost-of-Illness Model," /. Am. Pharmaceut. Assoc., 41, 192-199 (2001). 

These drug-related problems have impact on morbidity, mortality and costs... 

Bootman JL, Harrison DL, Cox E (1997) The health care cost of drug-related morbidity and mortality in nursing facilities. Arch Intern Med 157(18) 2089-2096... 

Johnson, J.A. and Bootman, J.L. (1995) Drug-related morbidity and mortality. A cost of illness model. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155 (18), 1949-1956. 

Johnson J.A., Bootman, J.L. (1995) Drug-related morbidity and mortality. 

The concept of integrating healthcare professionals expertise for the patient s best interest is not a new one for pharmacists. Speaking at a 1989 conference focusing on evolving pharmacy practice for the 21st century, Hepler and Strand reviewed the alarming extent of drug-related morbidity and mortality in the American healthcare system. They... 

Drug-related mortality (deaths directly attributable to drug consumption). 

The maximum volume of liquid that can be administered orally at one time depends on the size of the test animal. For instance, in rodents, the volume should not exceed 1 mL/100 g body weight. In cases of aqueous solutions, the concentration must be adjusted to ensure a constant volume at all dose levels. If a dose of at least 5,000 mg/kg body weight using the above procedure produces no chemical or drug-related mortality, a full study using three dose levels may not be necessary. 

Unfortunate medication use outcomes have been summarized as drug misadventuring or drug-related morbidity and mortality. This is a serious concern in health care, a concern left unresolved for many years. In addition, data and information on the incidence and economic consequences of preventable drug-related morbidity continue to mount. About 3.2% of all hospital admissions in the U.S. and Europe might be caused by preventable drug-related morbidity in ambulatory care. In 1995, the cost impact of these drug therapy problems in the U.S. health care system was estimated to be 76 billion, and a more recent update of this estimate for 2000 is 177 billion. ... 

Drug-related morbidity and mortality is the need that drives society to demand pharmaceutical care. Morbidity pertains to the incidence and prevalence of disease associated with, or attributable to, the use of drug therapies. Mortality is the incidence and prevalence of death associated with, or attributable to, the use of drug therapies. Although it has long been known that the use of medicinal agents can result in death and disease, the level of public acceptance of this risk is an issue of public concern and debate. 

The need and demand for pharmaceutical care can be expected to intensify as sociefy realizes fhaf a significanf proportion of drug-related morbidity and mortality is preventable. In 1995, it was widely disseminated that drug-related morbidity and mortality cost the U.S. 76 billion annually, and more recent estimates place this figure close to 200 billion annually. Furthermore, 44,000 to 98,000 institutionalized patients fall victim to drug-relafed mortality." It is... 

To address the social need of drug-related morbidity and mortality based on a patient-centered approach that is built on the establishment of a therapeutic relationship, there must be clearly defined practitioner responsibilities. In pharmaceutical care, the practitioner is responsible for all drug-related needs of a patient. As discussed in detail in the next section, this means that a practitioner seeks to ensure that all therapies are appropriately indicated and that all medical conditions of a patient are appropriately treated, and that all therapies in use are effective, safe, and convenient for the patient. 

Manasse HR Jr. Medication use in an imperfect world dmg misadventuring as an issue of public policy. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 1989 46 924-944, 1141-1152. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality Arch. Intern. Med. 1995 155 1949-1956. 

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