Morphology microscopic structure

Also the surface of hydrophilic SiO substrate was confirmed to be smooth and amorphous, based on morphological and ED studies, respectively. Therefore, the crystallographic study of the monolayer and the surface characteristics of the substrate indicate that the hydrophilic SiO substrate is suitable for the electron microscopic morphological and structural investigations on the monolayer on the water surface. Then, the monolayer was transferred onto the hydrophilic SiO substrate by the upward drawing method[3,15] at a transfer rate of 60 mm-min 1 at various TSps and pressures, except at the surface pressure of 0 mN-nr1. The monolayer at 0 mN-nr1 can be transferred only by a horizontal lifting methodf 16). 

Microscopic structure of texturized water-extracted soy flour and texturized soy concentrate were quite similar to that of texturized soy flour. Scanning electron microgrpahs showed that water extraction of soy flours had little effect on morphological characteristics of texturized soy products (Figure 10). Solubility of soluble sugars was not affected by texturization, whereas solubility of proteins decreased sharply when soy flour was texturized (Table VII). It appears that soluble sugars did not interact with proteins during texturization. Based upon results of microscopy and solubility studies, it is reasonable to speculate that natural soluble carbohydrates are not required (do not play an important role) in development of texture or stabilization of structure. 

Botanically, Cannabis sativa can be identified on the basis of its gross morphological features and, more importantly, by the presence of microscopic structures on the surface of the plant, namely the trichomes. At the macro-morphological level, it has a square stem, with four comers, and has palmate leaves with serrated edges. These are the characteristics with which most people are familiar. Microscopically, three types of trichome are observed, namely the glandular trichomes (Plate 4.1), unicellular trichomes (Plate 4.2) and cystolithic trichomes (Plate 4.3). 

Although the morphology depends largely on the crystallizing conditions, we shall consider the macro- and microscopic structure first, before dealing with the kinetics of formation. 

Successful PIMs should be transparent and homogeneous, and most studies involving this type of membranes make this evaluation through observation with the naked eye or under an optical microscope. Nevertheless, such evaluation is rather subjective. For instance, SLMs also look transparent and homogeneous to the naked eye, although they have a microporous structure. Hence, several advanced and sophisticated techniques have been employed in the study of the morphology and structure of PIMs in order to determine the distribution and interaction of the various membrane components and ultimately assess how that affects the membrane transport efficiency. 

Film preparation plays a crucial role in determining the photoelectrochemical properties of phthalocyanine electrodes. Since the coupling of individual chromophores strongly depends on their relative orientation, the position of the absorption maximum and its width shows a clear dependence on the structure of thin films. Also the charge transport within phthalocyanine films, a fundamental necessity for the films to work as electrodes, depends upon the overlap of the frontier orbital wave functions. Beyond the microscopic structure of films also the morphology of films plays an important role. In the case of crystalline films, the orientation of crystallites relative to the electrode surface will be relevant because of anisotropies in optical absorption and charge transport. The size of the observed photocurrent directly depends on the real electrode surface area accessible by the electrolyte and this leads to a strong dependence on the porosity of the films. 

We saw in the last chapter that, under a wide variety of circumstances, polymers will not mix at a molecular level at equilibrium. If we take such a pair of polymers and mix them mechanically, we will get domains of one polymer in the other what will be the nature of the interface between the two coexisting phases and what determines the interfacial energy The morphology of our mixture will be greatly influenced by the interfacial energy, which will control the domain size, while the microscopic structure of this interface will... 

Within the scope of electron microscopic investigations on structures in high molecular solutions, mixtures between i- and s-PMMA in acetone reveal morphological ordered structures, especially when the ratio s/i is 2 1 by weight (Figure 15). 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the very useful microscopic methods for the morphological and structural analysis of materials. Larena et al. classified nanopolymers into three groups (1) self-assembled nanostructures (lamellar, lamellar-within-spherical, lamellar-within-cylinder, lamellar-within-lamellar, cylinder within-lamellar, spherical-within-lamellar, and colloidal particles with block copolymers), (2) non-self-assembled nanostructures (dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, polymer brushes, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanocapsules, porous materials, and nano-objects), and (3) number of nanoscale dimensions [uD 1 nD (thin films), 2 nD (nanofibers, nanotubes, nanostructures on polymeric surfaces), and 3 nD (nanospheres, nanocapsules, dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, self-assembled structures, porous materials, nano-objects)] [153]. Most of the polymer blends are immiscible, thermodynamically incompatible, and exhibit multiphase structures depending on the composition and viscosity ratio. They have two types of phase morphology sea-island structure (one phase are dispersed in the matrix in the form of isolated droplets, rods, or platelets) and co-continuous structure (usually formed in dual blends). 

Morphology is the study and description of the shape and structure of things. Polymers are currently molded in objects in which the shape is useful for a specific aim. However, the composition and microscopic structure define the material s properties, uses, and applications [92]. 

Structure and microstructural morphology The physical constitution of common carbon pastes can be described as a solid dispersion (of the individual graphite particles in liquid binder). Practically from the very beginning of carbon pastes in electrochemistry, the microscopic structure of their surface was of continuing interest (see, e.g., [7, 36, 37] and other references therein [5]). 

Electron microscopy (JEOL 100 CX microscope) was used to study the morphology and structure of the cross section and periphery of the membrane tubes. 

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