Morphology calcium chloride

Fig. 2a-c. Morphology of an empty capsule. Capsules were produced fromo.6% HV alginate/o.6% cellulose sulfate/1.2% polymethylene-co-guanidine/r% calcium chloride. The reaction time was 30 s. The capsule size is approximately r.6o mm while the membrane thickness is 0.033 mm a the wall complex is clearly evident b progression in the membrane thickness 0.073 mm with reaction time r8o s c progression in the membrane thickness o.ro6 mm with reaction time 300 s... 

The differences in chemical composition are accompanied by differences in the morphology of the tobermorite gel. Spicular or cigar-shaped rolled sheets are formed in the normal plain hydrated cement paste, whilst in the presence of calcium chloride, thin crumpled sheets or foils are formed. It has been suggested [16] that either the high lime content or adsorbed chloride prevents rolling of the sheets. 

This difference between H O and N adsorption data has been attributed to either the accessibility of water to interlayer spaces in the tobermorite gel or to the presence of ink bottle pores with narrow necks and wide bodies. The considerable increase (4-5 times) in pore surface and pore volume available to nitrogen in pastes containing calcium chloride suggests that the crumpled pore type of morphology is more open than the spicular type [20],... 

The way in which salts such as calcium chloride and calcium formate operate is not fully understood, but it is clear that the mechanism involves an acceleration of the C S and C S hydration. It has been proposed [23] that the initial products of cement hydration form a sort of membrane which acts as a restraint to the diffusion process which in turn leads to the dormancy period . It seems likely that the chloride ion, by virtue of its small size and high mobility, is able more easily to penetrate the pores of the restraining layer allowing the diffusion process to proceed more rapidly. The resultant tobermorite gel has a higher lime-silica ratio and a more open, accessible structure, based on a crumpled foil morphology rather than the usual spicular. The considerable reaction with,... 

Saline solutions cause swelling of isolated mitochondria, so to preserve good mitochondrial morphology aqueous solutions of sucrose were introduced [147]. However, to isolate nuclei of good morphological appearance, the same workers utilised 0.25 M sucrose containing 0.0018 M calcium chloride. 

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