Monolithic designs

Reactions were conducted at room temperature. The monolithic design of the device led to the increased safety of the process. The authors assigned the variable yield of the reaction to the non-optimized conditions. However, they have proved the principle of conducting the reactions containing diazonium salts in a safe way at room temperature, which is not possible on macroscale and batch conditions. 

Planar SOFC, in particular, monolithic designs (MHI) are capable of high (volumetric) power densities most favoured by direct and short current paths across the stack components. The PEN is principally square, rectangular and circular (Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited (CFCL), Mitsubishi Materials Corp., SulzerHexis) in shape with active surface areas of 100-200 cm2 (15.5-31 in2). A drawback of this design is that it often necessitates the use of high temperature sealants for application at the in-... 

Fig. 21 Production of DSC prototypes by Aisin Seiki in Japan. Note the monolithic design of the photovoltaic modules and the use of carbon as interconnect and counter electrode material...

Constructive-technological variant PEMFC, which completely excludes clamping contacts, is offered. A basis of suggested monolithic design PEMFC is the multifunctional silicon electrode on the basis of macroporous silicon. 

The modelling of single-cell, solid-state electrocatlytic reactors was recently discussed by Debenedetti and Vayenas (15) this paper s objective is to develop an analysis for cross-flow monolithic designs. 

Electrochemical promotion and recent advances of novel monolithic designs for practical utilization. 

Fig. 6M High-temperature solid-oxide (HTSO) fuel cell. The monolithic design, by Argonne National Laboratory.

Figure 5 Structural features of some metal monoliths designed to enhance turbulence. A Transversal structure (TS) in which corrugated layers have microcomigations at 90 to the direction of flow. B. In the SM structure, flow in channels is split into multiple flow paths. C In the LS structure, interconnecting flow paths are achieved by means of partial countercorrugation of the corrugated layer. Drawings courtesy of Emitcc.

Only few studies have dealt with the heat transfer between monolith channels in catalytic fuel combustion and the effect of this heal transfer on temperature profiles and thermal stresses [63,64]. Furuya et al. [64] used simulation of the thermal stress caused by radial gas temperature inlet variations and developed monolith designs with improved resistance to such stress. Worth et al [63] showed the importance of the conductivity of the monolith material to the radial temperature profiles in monolith combustion catalysts. Metal monoliths, with higher thermal conductivity, showed much flatter temperature profiles than ceramic monoliths, indicating that thermal stress and nsk for hot spots will be less of a problem for the former than for the latter. 

A recent investigation [5-7] of the oxygen-methane reaction for synthesis gas production addressed the effect of various monolith designs on catalyst control of the reaction rate and temperatures. Catalyst bed geometry and gas flow rates strongly affect mass transfer at the catalyst boundary layer and, therefore, the selectivities of fast reactions... 

The monolithic design has been called an unfolded fuel cell with the anode and cathode on the same... 

Figure 8.12 Production of DSSC prototypes by Aisin Seiki in Japan. Note the monolithic design of the PV modules and the use of carbon as interconnect and counter electrode. The red dye is related to N-719 while the black dye has the structure RuL (NCS)3 where L = 2, 2, 2"- terpyridyl. 4,4, 4"-tricarboxylic acid. The hole conductor is a non-volatile electrolyte.

In the original monolithic design, the reconfigurable fabric is surrounded by a... 

In a 2.5-D layout, logic cells or macros could be placed on multiple device layers. From a routing point of view, however, the 2.5-D routing problem is almost identical to the monolithic routing problem. In fact, in today s typical monolithic designs, pins on a net could already be positioned on multiple metal layers. 

As the properties of ceramics monoliths are examined, it s important to note that changes or improvements in melting temperature, thermal shock resistance, strength, back pressure and/or catalyst surface area each have an effect on other properties. The present ceramic monolith design is the result of a compromise of these interrelated variables. 

Auto makers believe present day monolith designs can still be improved upon. The directions of product development effort are ... 

Comninellis, who discuss both the fundamentals of this new exciting application of electrochemistry as well as recent advances including novel monolithic designs, for its practical utilization. 

Tominaka S, Ohta S, Obata H, Momma T, Osaka T (2008) On-chip fuel cell micro direct methanol fuel cell of an air-breathing, membraneless, and monolithic design. J Am Chem Soc 130 10456-10457... 

Under most operating conditions and reactor/catalyst designs, nonnegligible sources of internal and external mass transfer limitation will exist. Actually, as it is discussed in Section 8.3.5, mass transfer-controlled conditions correspond to the monolith design associated with lower pressure drop (channel length). 

A topic that relates to the previous discussion is the performance evaluation of monolith designs in these well-identified regimes—in particular, the distribution of the relevant performance criteria across regime maps such as the ones presented in previous sections. Lopes et al. [43] proposed the evaluation... 

Two very common schemes of OS design are monolithic design and microkernel design. Without going into much detail of any specific implementation, we can... 

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