Monolith stability

In this case, the detail path of using the distribution load method was as followed by Selected an accident embankment section, assumed that safe factor of monolithic stability was 1.0, and analyzed stress ratio of pile to soil. 

Assumed diverse stress ratio of pile to soil, and calculated homologous equivalent height of embankment according to the formula (4) and (5). Then analyzed monolithic stability of embankment using slice method, which was based on equivalent height. When the safe factor of monolithic stability equaled 1.0, the actual stress ratio of pile to soil could be obtained. 

As illustrated in Figure 8, the elevation of top of embankment was 7.08 m, and the elevation of surface of clay was 0.7 m. When embankment was filled to elevation 5.3 m, the top of embankment occurred crack, and collapsed subsequently. Therefore, a conclusion could be obtained by actual situation the safe factor of monolithic stability was smaller or equal to 1.0, when embankment collapsed. 

On the condition of soft clay foundation, the calculation result was lean to unsafe, when combined strength method was used to analyze monolithic stability of cement-soil pile composite foundation. 

Often, the immobilized product has a structural strength sufficient to prevent fracturing over time. Solidification accomplishes the objective by changing a non-solid waste material into a solid, monolithic structure that ideally will not permit liquids to percolate into or leach materials out of the mass. Stabilization, on the other hand, binds the hazardous constituents into an insoluble matrix or changes the hazardous constituent to an insoluble form. Other objectives of solidiflcation/stabilization processes are to improve handling of the waste and pri uce a stable solid (no free liquid) for subsequent use as a construction material or for landfilling. 

S. Wodiunig, F. Bokeloh, J. Nicole, and C. Comninellis, Electrochemical Promotion of R11O2 Catalyst Dispersed on an Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Monolith, Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 2(6), 281-283 (1999). 

Firstly, there are technical reasons concerning catalyst and reactor requirements. In the chemical industry, catalyst performance is critical. Compared to conventional catalysts, they are relatively expensive and catalyst production and standardization lag behind. In practice, a robust, proven catalyst is needed. For a specific application, an extended catalyst and washcoat development program is unavoidable, and in particular, for the fine chemistry in-house development is a burden. For coated systems, catalyst loading is low, making them unsuited for reactions occurring in the kinetic regime, which is particularly important for bulk chemistry and refineries. In that case, incorporated monolithic catalysts are the logical choice. Catalyst stability is crucial. It determines the amount of catalyst required for a batch process, the number of times the catalyst can be reused, and for a continuous process, the run time. 

A ceramic monolith catalyst support, cordierite, consisting of silica, alumina and magnesium oxide. The purpose of this is to provide support, strength and stability over a wide temperature range. 

Chemically bonded stahonary phases, e.g. alkylamide silica reversed phases, were also developed. Despite a generally good stability and good quality of resolution and less interachons with free silanol groups, correlahons between log Pod and log kw are relahvely poor compared to a number of other stahonary phases [26]. Finally, monolithic silica stahonary phases have also been applied for Upo-philicity determinahon of a series of P-blockers [27]. 

In the second area, improvements to the thermal and mechanical stability of nanoporous materials from ordered block copolymers should be targeted. To expand the application base for these materials, high temperature stability is a key requirement. For example, in templating applications that require elevated processing temperatures in either thin films or monolithic materials... 

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