Monitoring Programme

The reservoir model will usually be a computer based simulation model, such as the 3D model described in Section 8. As production continues, the monitoring programme generates a data base containing information on the performance of the field. The reservoir model is used to check whether the initial assumptions and description of the reservoir were correct. Where inconsistencies between the predicted and observed behaviour occur, the model is reviewed and adjusted until a new match (a so-called history match ) is achieved. The updated model is then used to predict future performance of the field, and as such is a very useful tool for generating production forecasts. In addition, the model is used to predict the outcome of alternative future development plans. The criterion used for selection is typically profitability (or any other stated objective of the operating company). 

In 1974, the Harmonized Monitoring Programme was set up by the Department of the Environment (DoE). The objective was to provide a network of sites at the lower end of catchments, where water quality data could be collected and analysed in a nationally consistent manner, allowing the loads of materials carried through river catchments into estuaries to be estimated and long-term trends in river quality to be assessed. The complete list of substances to be monitored is diverse and specifies about 115 substances. The pesticides aldrin, dieldrin, y-HCH, heptachlor, p,p -DDT and p,p -DDE are included. Figures 1 and 2 show the downward trend of y-HCH and dieldrin over the past 20 years at the Harmonized Monitoring Sites. This confirms that reductions in environmental concentrations have been achieved, particularly over the past 10 years. 

In order to counter the hazards presented to health by cyanobacterial toxins, management actions concerning potable and recreational waters are required. These actions include risk assessment and monitoring programmes which rely on sensitive, accurate toxin analysis methods. 

WHO/UNICEF (2008) Progress in drinking-water and sanitation special focus on sanitation. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation update report. Available at http //www.wssinfo.org/en/40 MDG2008.html (June 2009)... 

Sacher F, Ehmann F, Gabriel S, Graf C, Branch FU (2008) Pharmaceutical residues in the river Rhine-results of one-decade monitoring programme. J Environ Monit 10(5) 664-670... 

Stone SF, Backhads FW, Byrne AR. Gangadahran S, Horvat M, Kratzer K, Parr RM, ScHiADOT JD, Zeisler R (1995) Production of hair intercomparison materials for use in population monitoring programmes for mercury and methylmercury exposure. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 184-187... 

Apart from persistent organic pollutants considered in the monitoring programme, others compounds like pharmaceuticals [88] and drugs [89] were also analyzed in the entire Ebro river basin, and the results obtained are presented in [102, 103]. 

As a continuation of the extensive monitoring of persistent organic pollutants that was started with the inclusion of the Ebro river basin in the EU Project AquaTerra, a new monitoring programme has been started in 2010. The Ebro river basin has been included as a representative Mediterranean watershed in a new project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation included in the programme Consolider... 

From Monitoring Data to Water Body Status Diagnosis 4.1 Monitoring Programmes Under the WFD... 

Fig. 9 Role of monitoring programmes in the WFD implementation [19]. IMPRESS Guidance 2004...

The core of the monitoring programmes is based on the combination of the following ... 

The problem to be faced by the monitoring programmes can be formulated in a logistic perspective as how to allocate the available resources in order to give response to the different control requirements in the most efficient way. 

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