Monitoring Bacillus

Microtox Solid-Phase Test ECHA Biocide Monitor Bacillus sp., inhibition of dehydrogenase [29,41,42]... 

Monitoring Bacillus thuringiensis in the Environment with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay... 

Cheung, P. Y. K. Hammock, B. D. Monitoring Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ACS Symp. Sen, 379(Biotechnol. Crop Prot.), 359-72. 1988. 

Biological indicators for steam sterilization utilize bacillus stearothermophilus. In monitoring industrial cycles, a sufficient number of preparations each having a known degree of resistance are added to the load and retrieved after exposure, and cultured. 

Fig. 6. Growth monitoring and PHAs production during fed-batch fermentation of sweet sorghum by Bacillus arybhattai in 3 L fermentor (Tanamool et al., 2011)...

The in situ bioremediation application at this site included injection of a liquid microbial solution into the subsurface through monitoring and injection wells. This solution includes microbes (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Corynebacterium), oxygen, emulsifier, surfactant, and nutrients. Five injections were conducted. Over 11.3 m3 (3000 gallons) was injected from February 1999 to September 2000 into approximately 40 wells and 15 Geoprobe injection points. As of September 2000, MTBE levels decreased by 96% (3310-146 pg/L), while benzene decreased by 83% (2571— 435 pg/L), toluene by 66% (24,330-8300 pg/L), and naphthalene by 84% (5377-853 pg/L) xylene levels increased and were above preoperational level as of September 2000. The system will continue to be operated until all target levels have been met. The total cost for the cleanup of this site is USD63,500.34... 

A strain of yeast and a strain of bacterium were co-immobilized to fabricate a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor based on sol-gel derived composite materials97. This novel type of biosensor was developed for water monitoring and was used to determine the BOD values of OECD synthetic wastewater, domestic wastewater, and lake waters. The microorganisms Trichosporon cutaneum and Bacillus subtilis were coimmobilized in the sol-gel composite material, which was composed of silica and the grafting copolymer of poly (vinyl alcohol) and 4-vinylpyridine (PVA-g-P(4-VP)). 

Bacillus sp. AM-001 was cultivated aerobically under various conditions, and activities of P-mannanase in the culture broth and P-mannosidase extracted from the cells treated with 0.1% Triton X-100 were monitored. Both enzymes were formed when the bacterium was grown under alkaline conditions in the presence of optimal concentrations of 0.5% Na2C03 or 0.5-1.0% NaHCOa. Various carbohydrates were also tested and the best carbohydrate for enzyme production was konjak powder (1%... 

Hatsu, M. Ohta, J. Takamizawa, K. Monitoring of Bacillus thermodenitrificans OHT-1 in compost by whole cell hybridization. Can. J. Microbiol. 2002, 48, 848-852. 

Fig. 3. Monitoring of the variant formation in a continuous culture of Bacillus stearothermo-philus PV72 (as in Fig. 2) by SDS-PAGE. The organisms differed in the S- (surface) layer proteins. The wild type formed an S-layer protein of 130 kDa apparent molecular mass, the variant S-layer protein appears at 97 kDa molecular mass. The wild-type S-layer protein was quantified relative to the band of the altered protein by densitometry. Numbers on the curve represent samples harvested at distinct points of time during variant formation. The decrease of the wild-type S-layer protein followed the theoretical washout curve in a stirred tank reactor at the set dilution rate of 0.3 h 1 (Reprinted from J. Biotechnol. 54, K. C. Schuster et al, p. 20,1997, with permission from Elsevier Science)...

Daniels JK, Caldwell TP, Christensen KA, Chumanov G (2006) Monitoring the kinetics of Bacillus subtilis endospore germination via surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. Anal Chem 78 1724-1729... 

A spectacular example of stability enhancement through immobilization has been reported for the enzyme catechol-2,3-dioxygenase.27 This enzyme, isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus, catalyzes the conversion of catechol to 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (which can be monitored by absorbance at 375 nm). The soluble enzyme exhibits maximal activity at 50 °C, but following immobilization on glyoxyl agarose beads with a borohydride reduction step, the optimum reaction temperature shifted to 70 °C. At a total protein concentration of 0.010 mg/mL and a temperature of 55 °C, the half-life of the soluble enzyme was 0.08 h, while the enzyme-modified beads had a half-life of 68 h. This represents a 750-fold enhancement of stability that has been attributed to the prevention of subunit dissociation upon immobilization. 

The reaction can be observed in either the kinetic or the equilibrium mode. The Bacillus fastidiosus enzyme has the highest Michaelis constant (1.0 x 10" mol/L) and the hog fiver has the lowest (1,7 x 10 mol/L), the choice of enzyme influencing the incubation period required to reach equilibrium and the conditions for a pseudo first-order Idnetic approach. The decrease of absorbance as urate is converted may be monitored by a spectrophotometer at 293 nm and this forms the basis of a proposed reference procedure. However, at this wavelength, most of the absorbance is due to plasma proteins. Therefore there is a high signal-noise ratio, which can compromise the precision of the method. A high quality spectrophotometer with narrow bandpass is required and this is rarely satisfied with automated analyzers. 

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