Monetization

For gas flow through porous media with small pore diameters, the slip flow and molecular flow equations previously given (see the Vacuum Flow subsec tion) may be applied when the pore is of the same or smaller order as the mean free path, as described by Monet and Vermeulen (Chem. E/ig. Pi og., 55, Symp. Sei , 25 [1959]). 

Sunflowers, by Claude Monet (1840—1926), Freneh, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City/Superstoek, Ine. 

Ice Flows on the Seine" by Claude Monet/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY... 

The intensity and color of the poppies in Monet s painting The Poppyfield, near Giverny are influenced by the acidity or basicity of the soil. Of course artistic license could also have something to do with the intensity and color of the poppies in this painting. 

King Monet s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand... 

However, in this chapter it is not specifically aimed for the reader to accept the concept of monetization of welfare effects. Acceptance or rejection is for the reader to decide. 

External costs, damage costs, also often called just externalities, are a monetization of negative external effects being the consequences of, for example, some sort of environmental degradation. These effects and damages are external because the affected does not receive any compensation and the polluter does not need to pay for the damage. In order for physical measures of impacts to be commonly measurable, they must be valued in monetary units. The monetary valuation of different effects is not a straightforward procedure since many of the effects have no market value. The total value is often composed of both use values and non-use values. 

The revealed preference method is an indirect approach that is used in order to monetize use values. This method observes the real choice between money and the environmental goods. Methods often include observations of consumers or producers behaviour or actions, such as the hedonic price method and the production function method. The hedonic price method determines values from actual market transactions. These transactions are used to see how the price of a market commodity varies when a related environmental good changes, such as the effects of noise or air pollution on house prices. The production function method is used to estimate the value of the environmental effects on production. This method is suitable when consumption or production of a private good is affected by the environmental good. An example is the valuation of ground-level ozone levels by valuing the impact on the production of wheat or timber, which has market prices. The problem with the revealed preference method is that it does not contain all the individuals values that affect the WTP. 

In the case of health effects, other methods than stated or revealed preference methods are often used to estimate the impact of externalities and valuating the human health damages. Both productivity losses and costs for hospital admissions or other hospital-related activities are used to monetize health effects. Of special importance for the valuation of health effects are the metrics Value of a Statistical Life / Value of Prevented Fatality (VSL, VOSL or VPF) and Value of a Life Year Lost (VOLY). 

In CBA both cost and benefits are given a monetary value and then compared. Effects on, e.g. the environment, time use and health are examples of externalities that are monetized in a CBA. These are then compared with technical abatement costs, etc. in order to calculate net benefits of the studied scenario or policy. By doing this, the analysis provides policy relevant results describing whether a scenario provides a net benefit for society or not. The analysis can also identify the most beneficial scenario out of a number of scenarios. 

External cost of damage is where economic valuation of these impacts i.e. external costs and their value is performed [2]. Evaluation of impacts on both the humans and the ecosystem is based on valuation studies, in order to monetize the external effects. 

More about Claude Monet and his Water Lilies painting can be found at Pioch, N. WebMuseum, Paris, http //www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/monet 19 September 2002 (Accessed 12 January 2004). 

Darchen and Monet, 1976). At pH = 8 the reaction can be reversed this presumably involves expulsion of ArS02 from the anion Ar N(0-)—S02Ar. 

Like the woodcut suite of Hokusai entitled "Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji" (or like Claude Monet s multiple paintings of the cathedral at Rouen), there is no one rigorous answer or explanation to the "nature" of a molecule,43 even a simple hydrocarbon like butadiene (See fig. 11.) Or as Lespieau put it at the turn of the century, in defense of nineteenth-century structural chemistry, the method of chemical science is not at all like that of mathematical science, because a chemical formula cannot be demonstrated like a theorem.44... 

The monetization of remote natural gas has been a key economic driver for catalysis research over the past 20 years. Significant reserves of natural gas exist in remote locations, distant from available gas pipehnes, which cannot be readily brought to market. The conversion of these resources to higher-valued, transportable products, such as methanol or polyolefins can allow the economical utilization of these stranded assets. Other low-valued natural gas streams, such as associated gas from oil production, could also provide feedstocks to such a technology. The conversion of remote gas, typically valued at US 0.50-1.50 per MMBTU, into polyolefins, valued at more than US 1000/t, via methanol has sparked the development of several MTO technologies. 

The necessity for the addition of a portion of alkali in order to form alum is also confirmed, said Lavoisier, by a very interesting observation of M. Monet [A.-G. Monnet (1734-1817)] on the earth extracted from the alum at Tolfa the chemical examination which he made of specimens of this earth, brought from Italy by M. Guettard, showed him that it contains a portion of fixed vegetable alkali already formed. It is doubtless to this alkali that this earth owes its property of furnishing... 

Researchers at Texas A M University discovered that mood, blood pressure, and surgery recovery time can be influenced by art — but not just any kind of art. Patients who had Picasso reproductions in their rooms fared worse than those with blank walls, while some of those who gazed at Monet s water lilies recovered more quickly. I think Hans Selye must have loved beautiful paintings, too. After all, he was himself an artist of sorts. He carved part of the cortisol molecule into the cement outside his window when he was living on Milton Street near McGill. It s still there — a silent testimonial to the man my parents dragged me to see on that stressful day so long ago. 

Humez, S., Legrand, G., Vanden-Abeele, F., Monet, M., Marchetti, P., Lepage, G., Crepin, A., Dewailly, E., Wuytack, F. and Prevarskaya, N., 2004, Role of endoplasmic reticulum calcium content in prostate cancer cell growth regulation by IGF and TNFalpha. J Cell Physiol 201, 201-13. 

The works of Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Jackson Pollock represent, respectively, impressionism, post-impressionism, and abstract expressionism. Even though it would be difficult to forge paintings by these well-known artists, forgeries still appear. 

Any oil painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926), Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), and Edgar Degas (1834-1917)... 

Monet Legacy of Light Portrait of an Artist Series. 28 min. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1989. 

Use a magnifying glass to examine copies of works by van Gogh, Monet, and Pollock, closely observing the brush strokes of each painter. 

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