Toxicity molybdenum

Bandyopadhyay, S.K., K. Chatterjee, R.K. Tiwari, A. Mitra, A. Banerjee, K.K. Ghosh, and G.C. Chatteijee. 1981. Biochemical studies on molybdenum toxicity in rats effects of high protein feeding. Int. Jour. Vit. Nutr. Res. 51 401-409. 

Buck, W.B. 1978. Copper/molybdenum toxicity in animals. Pages 491-515 in F.W. Oehme (ed.). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment. Part I. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Colmano, G. 1973. Molybdenum toxicity abnormal cellular division of teratogenic appearance in Euglena gracilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9 361-364. 

Kubota, J. 1975. Areas of molybdenum toxicity to grazing animals in the western United States. Jour. Range Manage. 28 252-256. 

Kubota, J., V.A. Lazar, G.H. Simonson, and W.W. Hill. 1967. The relationship of soils to molybdenum toxicity in grazing animals in Oregon. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 31 667-671. 

Pitt, M., J. Fraser, and D.C. Thurley. 1980. Molybdenum toxicity in sheep epiphysiolysis, exostoses and biochemical changes. Jour. Compar. Pathol. 90 567-576. 

Ward, G.M. 1978. Molybdenum toxicity and hypocuprosis in ruminants a review. Jour.Anim. Sci. 46 1078-1085. 

Ward, G.M. and J.G. Nagy. 1976. Molybdenum and copper in Colorado forages, molybdenum toxicity in deer, and copper supplementation in cattle. Pages 97-113 in W.R. Chappell and K.K. Peterson (eds.). Molybdenum in the Environment. Vol. 1. The Biology of Molybdenum. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

The metabolism of molybdenum is closely associated with that of copper molybdenum toxicity in animals can be alleviated by the administration of copper. High intake of molybdenum in rats resulted in a substantial... 

In terms nf humans, some research in New Zealand and the United Kingdom indicates that diets containing moderately high levels of molybdenum help to prevent dental decay. The high-molybdcnum soils in the United States are seldom used for production of food crops and thus the effects of molybdenum toxicity from food substances arc nol well known. 

In general, molybdenum and its compounds are considered to be of low toxicity to humans however, molybdenum dust and fumes can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. The trioxide and ammonium molybdate are more toxic than the ore molybdenite, the metal or the dioxide. It is not irritating to the skin, and is not a sensitizer. Mild cases of molybdenosis may be clinically identifiable only by biochemical changes (e.g., increases in uric acid levels due to the role of molybdenum in the enzyme xanthine oxidase). Excessive intake of molybdenum causes a physiological copper deficiency, and conversely, in cases of inadequate dietary intake of copper, molybdenum toxicity may occur at lower exposure levels. 

In the Ankawan biogeochemical province, where Mo content in soil, plant and fodder exceeds significantly the relevant Cu content, different diseases of stomach-intestinal tract and wool quality worsening were monitored. These symptoms are similar to those characteristics for molybdenum toxicity (molybdenosis). 

Momcilovic B (1999) A case report of acute human molybdenum toxicity from a dietary supplement -A new member of the Lucor metallicum family. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 50 289-297. 

When oxygen is used as an electron acceptor, the enzyme evolves considerable amounts of superoxide, an intermediate of O2 reduction. Superoxide has been claimed to be responsible for some of the symptoms of molybdenum toxicity. 

To summarize, molybdenum toxicity in animals includes anemia, anorexia, profound diarrhea, joint abnormalities, osteoporosis, hair discoloration, reduced sexual activity, and death (Table 18.10). Diets which are low in sulfate and copper enhance the toxicity of molybdenum. A high molybdenum intake also decreased feed intake by cattle and pigs, while molybdenum levels in the serum, hair, ribs, kidneys, and cerebrum reflect significant intake of the... 

Vyskocik a and ViAu C (1999) Assessment of molybdenum toxicity in humans. J Appl Toxicol 19 185-192. 

Ward GM and Nagy JG (1976) Molybdenum and copper in Colorado Forages. Molybdenum Toxicity in Deer and Copper Supplementation in Cattle. In ... 

Among the micronutrients essential for plant growth, molybdenum (Mo) is required in the smallest amounts. In most soils, the Mo requirements of plants can be met by liming the soil. Because of its low requirement, the deficiency and sufficiency concentrations of Mo in most plants are extremely small. Molybdenum toxicity to plants under field conditions seldom occurs, and usually it can be induced only under extreme experimental conditions (Johnson, 1966). Therefore, this chapter does not place great emphasis on the toxic concentrations of Mo in plants. However, plants can, under certain conditions, accumulate large concentrations of Mo and induce molybdenosis in ruminants that eat such material. That will be dealt with in Chapter 15. 

Kluge, R. (1983). Molybdenum toxicity in plants. In Proceedings Mengen- and Spurenelemente Arbeitstagung, Leipzig, ed. M. Anke et al., pp. 10-17. Jena Institut fur Pflanzenemahrung. Reprinted Moly. Agria 7(1) 7,1986 (Micronutrient Bureau, U.K.). 

Symptoms of Molybdenum Toxicity Field and Horticultural Crops... 

Molybdenum toxicity results in seeds of an intense yellow-orange color (Bergmann, 1992). 

Molybdenum toxicity produced light-colored leaves that turned golden yellow and then bronze (Falke, 1983). At very high rates of Mo, toxicity symptoms in alfalfa appeared as intense yellowing of leaves (Bergmann, 1992). 

Pasricha, N. S., Nayyar, V. K., Randhawa, N. S., and Sinha, M. K. (1977). Influence of sulphur fertilization on suppression of molybdenum uptake by berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) grown on a molybdenum-toxic soil. Plant Soil 46 245-50. 

Vyskocil and Viau (1999) assessed molybdenum toxicity in humans and calculated the tolerable daily intake (TDl), no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for molybdenum intake. The authors have calculated a TDI of 0.009 mg Mo/kg/day and a NOAEL and LOAEL of 0.9 and... 

Molybdenum toxicity has been found to be associated with copper deficiency in the body. 

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