Molten basalt

Richter FM, Davis AM, DePaolo DJ, Watson EB (2003) Isotope fradionation by chemical diliusion between molten basalt and rhyolite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67 3905-3923 Ritzenhoff S, Schroter EH, Schmidt W (1997) The lithium abundance in sunspots. Astron Astrophys 328 695-701... 

Richter F.M., Davis A.M., DePaolo D.J., and Watson E.B. (2003) Isotope fractionation by chemical diffusion between molten basalt and rhyolite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 3905-3923. 

Steinberger B, O Connell RJ (1998) Adveetion of plumes in mantle flow implieations for hotspot motion, mantle viscosity and plume distribution. Geophys J Inti 132 412-434 Stolper EM, Holloway JR (1988) Experimental determination of the solubihty of earbon dioxide in molten basalt at low pressme. Earth Planet Sei Lett 87 397-408 Stuart FM, Ellam RM, J. HP, Fitton JG, Bell BR (2000) Constraints on mantle plumes from the helium isotope composition of basalts from the British Tertiary Igneous Provinee. Earth Planet Sei Lett 177 273-285... 

Figure 1. Scheme of the Junkers type BF production by melt blowing 1 - molten basalt rock, 2 - blowing valves, 3 - fibrillizing cylinder, 4 - droplets, 5-7 fiber formation, 8 - fiber, 9 -fiber head. 

Macdongall JD, Lugmair G (1986) Sr and Nd isotopes in basalts from the East Pacific Rise significance for mantle heterogeneity, Earth Planet Sci Lett 77 273-284 McKenzie D (1984) The generation and compaction of partially molten rock. J Petrol 25 713-765 McKenzie D (1985) °Th- U disequilibrium and the melting processes beneath ridge axes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 72 149-157... 

Theoretical calculations suggest that the segregation and ascent time scales for basaltic magmas from a partially molten matrix are likely to be short (McKenzie 1985). 

The structures seen in the ALH84001 meteorite could easily have formed from molten material solidifying rapidly or even by precipitation of minerals from saturated solutions. Neither explanation is as romantic as Martian nanobacteria. Similar sized features have been seen following electron microscopy analysis of basalt rock structures found in riverbeds, such as from the Columbia river (Figure 6.15). 

The interiors of planets, moons, and many asteroids either are, or have been in the past, molten. The behavior of molten silicates and metal is important in understanding how a planet or moon evolved from an undifferentiated collection of presolar materials into the differentiated object we see today. Basaltic volcanism is ubiquitous on the terrestrial planets and many asteroids. A knowledge of atomic structure and chemical bonding is necessary to understand how basaltic melts are generated and how they crystallize. Melting and crystallization are also important processes in the formation of chondrules, tiny millimeter-sized spherical obj ects that give chondritic meteorites their name. The melting, crystallization, and sublimation of ices are dominant processes in the histories of the moons of the outer planets, comets, asteroids, and probably of the Earth. 

Mesosiderites are a highly enigmatic group of differentiated meteorites. They are breccias composed of iron-nickel metal and silicate in roughly equal proportions. The metal represents molten material from the deep interior of an asteroid, whereas the silicate fraction consists of basalts and pyroxene cumulates similar to HED meteorites that formed near the surface. It is difficult to construct models that allow mixing of such diverse materials, but these disparate materials are generally thought to have been violently mixed by impact. 

The ultimate source of most cations as weU as the silicate dissolved in rivers and the ocean is igneous rock. Granites are light-colored acidic rocks basalts are dark-colored with high concentrations of metal ions. These rocks originate from deep within the Earth, where at one time they were in a molten state. They are made of minerals like feldspar, mica, and quartz. Feldspars are the pink, green, and white minerals visible in granite ... 

Many meteorites have never been subjected to processes of planetary differentiation. These imdifferentiated meteorites come fix>m planetesimals that were never molten and resemble die composition of the solar nebula at the time and place of their formation. They exhibit approximately solar system composition, are called chondritic meteorites, and represent one big group of meteorites. The second group consists of the differentiated meteorites which represent pieces of partially or totally molten parent bodies. Examples of this group are meteoritic basalts (eucrites) or iron meteorites. The latter are pieces of the segregated core of the parent body. 

Rheological Properties of Molten Kilauea Iki Basalt Containing Suspended Crystals... 

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