Moles of carbon

The 4-carboxylic acid in all instances is the more stable. Heated to 220°C 2-(a-thienyl)-4.5-thiazoledicarboxylic acid lost 1 mole of carbon dioxide to give the 4-monoacid,... 

Acid Chloride Formation. Monoacid chlorides of maleic and fumaric acid are not known. Treatment of maleic anhydride or maleic acid with various reagents such as phosgene [75-44-5] (qv), phthaloyl chloride [88-95-9] phosphoms pentachloride [10026-13-8] or thionyl chloride [7719-09-7] gives 5,5-dichloro-2(5JT)furanone [133565-92-1] (4) (26). Similar conditions convert fumaric acid to fumaryl chloride [627-63-4] (5) (26,27). NoncycHc maleyl chloride [22542-53-6] (6) forms in 11% yield at 220°C in the reaction of one mole of maleic anhydride with six moles of carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5] over an activated carbon [7440-44-4] catalyst (28). 

Some moisture must be present to promote these reactions. Dry carbon dioxide does not react with the superoxides. One mole of MO2 yields 1.5 mol oxygen and then absorbs one mole of carbon dioxide to form carbonate, or two moles to form bicarbonate. Thus, if only carbonate is formed, an RQ of 0.67 is reached if only bicarbonate is formed, an RQ of 1.33 results. The required stoichiometry for an RQ of 0.82 is. 

Because the solution is capable of absorbing one mole of carbon monoxide per mole of cuprous ion, it is desirable to maximize the copper content of the solution. The ammonia not only complexes with the cuprous ion to permit absorption but also increases the copper solubiUty and thereby permits an even greater carbon monoxide absorption capacity. The ammonia concentration is set by a balance between ammonia vapor pressure and solution acidity. Weak organic acids, eg, formic, acetic, and carbonic acid, are used because they are relatively noncorrosive and inexpensive. A typical formic acid... 

One of the most elegant of these involves the reaction of two moles of 2-aminopyridine with two moles of carbon dioxide under high temperature and pressure to give the 3-pyridyl-2,4-dione (279) (54USP2680741). 

In a 500-cc. round-bottom flask (Note i) fitted with a mechanical stirrer and surrounded by an ice-salt cooling bath, are placed 54 g. (0.71 mole) of carbon disulfide and 90 cc. (1.3 moles) of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (sp. g. 0.9). The stirrer is started and 56 g. (0.6 mole) of aniline (Note 2) is run into the mixture from a separatory funnel at such a rate that the addition is complete in about twenty minutes. The stirring is continued for thirty minutes after all of the aniline has been added, and then the reaction mixture is allowed to stand for another, thirty minutes. During this time a heavy precipitate of ammonium phenyl dithiocarbamate separates and may even stop the stirrer. 

To complete the. set of possible chemical reactions, consider the combustion of a fuel such as methane with a recirculated flue gas containing m moles of carbon dioxide, but assuming that water vapour has been removed from the recycling flue gas. If the additional air supply (n moles) is assumed to be sufficient for complete combustion, then... 

Acetylation of kasuganobiosamine with acetic anhydride in methanol gave N,N -diacetylkasuganobiosamine which contained no titrable group and reduced 6.6 moles of sodium periodate, affording 4.7 moles of formic acid, 0.5 mole of carbon dioxide, and a reducing substance —i.e., N,N -diacetylkasugamine. 

Mesoxalic dialdehyde can be reasonably expected (16,28,50) to undergo normal glycol cleavage and give one mole of formic acid and one mole of glyoxylic acid in fact, when a second molar equivalent of periodate was added to the above solution, two molar equivalents of titratable acid were formed. If an excess of periodate is now added, two molar equivalents of titratable acid remain, but in addition, one molar equivalent of carbon dioxide can be expelled from the solution. Thus, in the overall reaction, one mole of triose reductone is oxidized by three moles of periodate to give two moles of formic acid and one mole of carbon dioxide ... 

Thus, if triose reductone is, in fact, the first intermediate in the periodate oxidation of malonaldehyde, the total consumption of periodate per mole of malonaldehyde should be four molar equivalents two moles of formic acid and one mole of carbon dioxide should be formed, in accordance with the sequence proposed by Fleury and his collaborators (22). As in the case of the periodate oxidation of malonic acid (32) the rate determining step should be the hydroxylation step. 

Because of the relation between a molecule and a mole, we can read equation (5) in either of two ways (1) one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen to form one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water, or (2) one mole of methane reacts with two moles of oxygen to form one mole of carbon dioxide and two moles of water. ... 

The business manager is frugal so he asks, Why not burn the coal directly and save the cost ot manufacturing the water gas The mechanical engineer is practical so he asks, How much heat will the boiler receive if I use coal instead of water gas The chemical engineer goes to the laboratory to find the answers by measuring the heat released per mole of carbon burned in reaction (4). The laboratory result shows that reaction (4) releases 94.0 kcal/mole ... 

The chemical engineer now can answer all of the questions. If one mole of carbon is burned directly, 94.0 kcal of heat are released for the... 

Rewrite the equation using one mole of carbon and use the AH notation. 

Discuss why this fuel is better than water gas if the comparison is based on one mole of carbon atoms. 

Step I. We wish to oxidize 1.00 kg of carbon. The number of moles of carbon is... 

Suppose we burn 46 grams of ethanol. Collection of the products yields 88 grams of carbon dioxide and 54 grams of water. We wish to learn the relative numbers of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the compound, and we can do this by calculating the number of moles of carbon dioxide and water produced by the combustion of the 46 gram sample. Therefore, we calculate ... 

Where es = number of substrate-level phosphorylations per mole of carbon utilised. For oxidative phosphorylation we can write ... 

The carbon source affects oxygen demand. In penicillin production, oxygen demand for glucose is 4.9 mol 1 1 h-1. The lactose concentration is 6.7 mol 1 1 h 1, sucrose is 13.4 mol l-1 h. The yield of oxygen per mole of carbon source for CH4 is YQjC = 1.34, T0j/C for Paraffins = 1, and Y(> /c for hydrocarbon (CH20)n = 0.4. The mass transfer coefficient k,a is for gas-liquid reactions, and the film thickness where the mass transfer takes place is 8... 

Processes represented by (a) are large entropy producers. Burning and decay reactions in which the energy released as heat is not utilized in producing work are of this type. For example, at a temperature of 298.15 K and a pressure of 0.1 MPa, the combustion of a mole of carbon to form carbon dioxide results in... 

As shown in Fig. 10-13, there is also a flux of O2 produced during net photosynthesis from the ocean to the atmosphere and an export flux of particulate and dissolved organic matter out of the euphotic zone. For a steady-state system, new production should equal the flux of O2 to the atmosphere and the export of organic carbon (Eppley and Peterson, 1979) (when all are expressed in the same units, e.g., moles of carbon). Such an ideal state probably rarely exists because the euphotic zone is a dynamic place. Unfortunately, there have been no studies where all three fluxes were measured at the same time. Part of the difficulty is that each flux needs to be integrated over different time scales. The oxygen flux approach has been applied in the subarctic north Pacific (Emerson et al, 1991) and subtropical Pacific (Emerson et al, 1995, 1997) and Atlantic (Jenkins and Goldman, 1985). The organic carbon export approach has... 

One mole of methane (CH4 ) is one mole of CH4 molecules, so it contains one mole of carbon atoms and four moles of hydrogen atoms. 

C04-0150. A former antiknock ingredient in gasoline is a colorless liquid whose formula is C5 H]2 O. Write the balanced equation, and determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced when 3.15 mL of the... 

C06-0129. Use average bond energies (see Table 6-2) to estimate the net energy change per mole of silicon for the conversion of a silicon chain into an Si—O—Si chain. Repeat this calculation to estimate the net energy change per mole of carbon for the conversion of a carbon chain into a C—O—C chain. 

This cycle is a series of reactions starting from the reaction of oxaloacetic acid with acetylcoenzyme A and finally regenerates oxaloacetic acid again, forming two moles of carbon dioxide during one cycle. The first step of the decarboxylation is conjugated with the oxidation of isocitric acid (Fig. 3). 

Three moles of carbon dioxide are produced when one mole of propane gas is burned. How many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced if 30 moles of propane gas are burned ... 

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