Molecular trafficking

Complex mechanisms regulate molecular trafficking as they move into and out of the CNS and pathologic conditions... 

Sherman, I. W. (1988). The Wellcome Trust lecture. Mechanisms of molecular trafficking in malaria. Parasitology 96(suppl), S57-S81. 

Gerace, L. (1992). Molecular trafficking across the nuclear pore complex. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4, 637-645. 

A rapid and simple determination of cholesterol is clinically important and economically viable. Due to a high correlation to the risk factor of cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, h3q)ertension), obesity, and molecular trafficking across the lipid plasma membrane, estimation of cholesterol allows patients to closely monitor their health conditions and adjust proper nutrition in their daily basis [40]. In human serum, normal level of total cholesterol is in the range of 1.3-2.0 mg.mL . The borderline and high-risk levels are 2.0-2.39 mg.mL and above 2.40 mg.mL respectively [41, 42]. In addition, approximately 30 % of the total cholesterol can be classified as free-form cholesterol and 70 % are in the esteri-fied form, containing a series of lipoproteins in term of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [41, 43, 44]. Therefore, the major enzymatic mechanisms are involved in the two following steps ... 

On the molecular level, all TAARs for which ligands are available, couple to Gas, at least in recombinant systems. Links to other signaling pathways as well as potential heterodimerization within the TAAR family or with other GPCRs have so far not been observed. All TAAR genes have a very similar size of about 1 kb, and posttranslational modification and subcellular trafficking of the receptors are both not well understood. 

Ribeiro S, Horuk R. Chemokine receptor antagonists from the bench to the clinic. In Hannan A, Engelhardt B, eds. Leukocyte Trafficking-Molecular mechanism, therapeutic targets, and methods. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2005 371 402. 

Hanada, K., Kumagai, K., Yasuda, S. et al. 2003. Molecular machinery for non-vesicular trafficking of cer-amide. Nature, 426(6968) 803-809. 

Hajjar, D.P., and Haberland, M.E., 1997, lipoprotein trafficking in vascular cells. Molecular Trojan horses and cellular saboteurs, JBiol Chem. 272 22975-229778. 

Andersen, O.M., Schmidt, V., Spoelgen, R., et al. (2006) Molecular dissection of the interaction between amyloid precursor protein and its neuronal trafficking receptor SorLA/LRl 1. Biochemistry, 45, 2618-2628. 

Pavlov, N.J., Xu, J., Riedel, D., Yeoh, J.S., Teitelbaum, S.E., Papadimitriou, J.M., Jahn, R., Ross, F.P., and Zheng, M.H. (2005) Rab3D Regulates a Novel Vesicular Trafficking Pathway That Is Required for Osteoclastic Bone Resorption. Molecular Cell Biology li, 5253-5269. 

The molecular characterization of different 5-HT receptor subtypes has simplified fhe elucidation of gene transcription, mRNA processing, and translation as well as intracellular trafficking and posttranslational modification relevant to synaptic and postreceptor signaling. Transcriptional control regions... 

Many of the chaperones double as heat shock-proteins (Hsp). When a cell is put under stress that can cause proteins to denature, such as too high a temperature, it produces heat-shock proteins. Their names are abbreviated to Hsp plus their subunit molecular mass in kDa. Hsp70, for example, is a ubiquitous heat-shock protein in eukaryotes. It is known in E. coli as DnaK for historical reasons because it was first discovered from a supposed role in DNA replication. Hsp70 is also important in protein trafficking and the conveying of proteins across membranes, because the denatured state is important in these processes. In protein biosynthesis, the unfolded state of the nascent polypeptide chain is passed on to DnaK, which maintains it in an extended form. The chain, under the influence of ATP and co-chaperones such as DnaJ and GrpE, is handed over to GroEL. 

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