Molecular mechanics history

Krupnick JG, Benovic JL (1998) The role of receptor kinases and arrestins in G protein-coupled receptor regulation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38 289-319 Lefkowitz RJ (1998) G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization. J Biol Chem 273(30) 18677-18680 Lefkowitz RJ (2004) Historical review a brief history and personal retrospective of seven-trans-membrane receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(8) 413—422 Liang BT, Jacobson KA (1998) A physiological role of the adenosine A3 receptor sustained car-dioprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(12) 6995-6999 Lohse MJ (1993) Molecular mechanisms of membrane receptor desensitization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1179(2) 171-188... 

Rheumatoid Arthritis History, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications... 

In conclusion, it can be seen that thermal analysis is able to make a considerable contribution to forensic science. Because of its capability to differentiate between manufacturing lots, it has for years been employed in quality control laboratories to monitor production of polymeric products. Its capability of differentiating between materials of identical chemical composition on the basis of differences in molecular weight distribution and thermal or mechanical history should be a capability quite unique and useful to forensic science. With the advent of second-generation instrumentation, this technique can be usefully extended to the realm of submilligram level analysis. 

History and Concepts. A complementary approach for molecular structure calculations is available, and it is referred to as the molecular methanics or force field method it is also known as the Westheimer method. In 1946, twenty years after the impressive development of quantum theory, three papers appeared in the literature which applied classifical mechanical concepts to problems of chemical interest. Westheimer investigated the racemization of some optically active biphenyl derivatives. His work demonstrated the potential usefulness of molecular mechanics. The other two papers were attempts to tackle more complex problems. 

The novelty in the present approach is the absence of potential energy surfaces. It is sufficient to identify the stationary states involved in a given mechanism. An example of this is given in our paper [22]. Only state correlation diagrams are retained. The chemical interconversion is seen from a perspective of the stationary scattering approach. The asymptotic states also include the transition structures. Since we are interested in molecular mechanisms, these intermediates states are depicted to emphasize the chemical change. They actually define path histories. 

Part II contains four chapters about history, theory, molecular mechanisms, synthesis, and experimental systems in phase transfer catalysis. 

---