Molecular genetics gene expression analysis

Advances in molecular genetic techniques in the new millennium have transformed the way breast cancer has been studied. Gene microarray techniques that first analyzed hematologic malignancies have been applied to several solid cancers. The breakthrough for breast cancer microarray studies came in 2000, when Perou and coworkers reported molecular classification of breast cancer using gene expression analysis on DNA microarrays. ... 

The techniques that have proven most valuable in toxicology include those of molecular cloning, the polymerase chain reaction, and the production of genetically modified mice. Microarrays, used to evaluate gene expression under various conditions, including exposure to toxicants, are becoming more important and, in concert with other molecular techniques, are being considered as potentially useful in such applied areas as hazard assessment and risk analysis. 

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