Modules, miniature

The flow behavior in miniaturized hemodialyzer modules with two types of biocompatible membrane materials, SMC and SPAN, was investigated by using doubly distilled water as the flowing fluid in both compartments, subsequently termed membrane side (M) and dialysate side (D), respectively (Figure 4.6.1 (c, d)) [12], SMC stands for Synthetically Modified Cellulose and SPAN for Special PolyAcryloNitrile-based copolymer (Akzo Nobel, Membrana GmbH), both types representing standard membrane material. The capillaries made from this hollow... 

Fig. 4.6.3 2D spin density images (a, c) and corresponding 2D velocity maps (b, d) along the cross section of miniaturized hemodialyzer modules of the type SMC and SPAN. The applied flow rate on the SMC module is... 

Tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Evidence for this role is that modulators of PTKs and PTPs have been shown to be intimately involved in these synaptic functions. Among the various modulators of PTKs, neuro-trophins have been extensively studied in this regard and will be our focus in the following discussion (for details of growth factors, see Ch. 27). BDNF and NT-3 have been shown to potentiate both the spontaneous miniature synaptic response and evoked synaptic transmission in Xenopus nerve-muscle cocultures. Neurotrophins have also been reported to augment excitatory synaptic transmission in central synapses. These effects of neurotrophins in the neuromuscular and central synapses are dependent on tyrosine kinase activities since they are inhibited by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K-252a. Many effects of neurotrophins on synaptic functions have been attributed to the enhancement of neurotransmitter release BDNF-induced increase in neurotransmitter release is a result of induced elevation in presynaptic cytosolic calcium. Accordingly, a presynaptic calcium-depen-dent phenomenon - paired pulse facilitation - is impaired in mice deficient in BDNF. 

Miwa M, Douoka K, Yoneyama S, Tuchitani S, Kaneko YK (2005) Young s module control of the micro cantilever made by micro-stereolithography. In El-FatatryA (ed) MOEMS and miniaturized systems V. SPIE, Bellingham, pp 6-13. doi 10.1117/12.589197... 

Another relatively recent development is electron generators that are essentially sealed vacuum tubes with a 2.5 pm-thick silica ceramic window or a 5-10 pm titanium window as the beam exit. Such electron beam tubes or bulbs are capable of operating at 50 to 150 kV,64-67 71 and can be stacked into modules to cure wide webs. It is conceivable that a miniature electron beam could provide an efficient low-cost means to cure thin coatings, adhesives (clear and filled) and inks. Examples of such miniature electron beam equipment are shown in Figures 3.21 and 3.22. 

Field-effect transistors (Appendix C) are miniature cousins of the Kelvin probe. The most common is the insulated gate field-effect transistor. The heart of the insulated gate field-effect transistor is the Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) capacitor. Let us form this capacitor from palladium (to be modulated by hydrogen), silicon dioxide (insulator), and p-type silicon (semiconductor), and examine the energy levels in this structure (Fig. 6.32). 

Geist, A., Weigl, M., Gompper, K. 2002. Effective actinide(III)-lanthanide(III) separation in miniature hollow fibre modules. 7th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation, October, Jeju, Republic of Korea. 

Liu J, Wan Q, Lin X et al (2005) a-Latrotoxin modulates the secretory machinery via receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase C. Traffic 6 756-65 Long SB, Campbell EB, Mackinnon R (2005) Crystal structure of a mammalian voltage-dependent Shaker family K+ channel. Science 309 897-903 Longenecker HE, Hurlbut WP, Mauro A et al (1970) Effects of black widow spider venom on the frog neuromuscular junction. Effects on end-plate potential, miniature end-plate potential and nerve terminal spike. Nature 225 701-3... 

There is also a prototype of a Raman sensor module scheduled and in future a miniature spectrometer as shown in Figure 4.71 could be integrated [119]. 

The biosensing devices focus mainly on affinity principles such as antibody -antigen reactions and are based on surface plasmon resonance [25], grating couplers[26] or interferometers [27]. It seems possible to get stable and highly sensitive devices based on these principles [28], and further investigations can lead to miniaturized sensor modules with reduced cost, size and complexity. 

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