Mixing computational analysis

Downcomer mixing. The AIChE model assumes that liquid along the downcomer length is perfectly mixed. A recent study using a tracer injection technique (174) showed that in large trays, the downcomer liquid is unmixed. A computational analysis (174) showed that efficiency reduction due to an unmixed downcomer is relatively small, but will intensify in the presence of liquid stagnant regions on the tray. 

Andre JC, Bouchy M, Kossany J (1983) Computer Analysis of Mixing Problems Arising in Consecutive Photochemical Reactions,/. Photochem. 22 213-221. 

In a continuing study of ion-beam irradiation of hydrated DNA, both oxygen and argon ion-beams were used to investigate the radical yields and composition of the stabilized radical cohort in hydrated DNA at 77 K. For the argon ion-beam irradiated experiments, computer analysis of the DNA composite ESR spectra allowed quantification of the yields of G, T , C(N3)H and a mix of neutral (presumed) sugar radicals Qualitatively it is evident that XS ... 

Secondary structures are currently the most useful structural elements with respect to computer analysis. Secondary structrures are mostly known for RNAs and proteins but they also play important roles in DNA. Potential secondary structures can be easily determined and even scored via the negative enthalpy that should be associated with the actual formation of the hairpin (single strand) or cruciform (double strand) structure. Secondary structures are also not necessarily conserved in primary nucleotide sequence but are subject to strong positional correlation within the structure. Three-dimensional aspects of DNA sequences are without any doubt very important for the functionality of such regions. However, existing attempts to calculate such structures in reasonable time met with mixed success and cannot be used for a routine sequence analysis at present. 

Computer modeling of convection has had mixed success. Many convection problems, particularly those involving laminar flow, can readily be solved by special computer programs. However, in situations where turbulence and complex geometries are involved, computer analysis and modeling are still under development. Mass transfer analogies can play a key role in the study of convective heat transfer processes. Two mass transfer systems, the sublimation technique and the electrochemical technique, are of particular interest because of their convenience and advantages relative to direct heat transfer measurements. 

A computer analysis was performed of the loss-of-load event with delayed reactor trip, similar to that used in safety valve capacity evaluation, except that a conservative 20% safety valve blowdown and initial conditions biased to maximize pressurizer liquid level were assumed. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the pressurizer liquid level response and the RCS subcooling under these conservative conditions. For additional conservatism, adjustments were made to the computer-calculated pressurizer level on the basis of a very conservative pressurizer model. This model assumed that the initial saturated pressurizer liquid did not mix with the cooler insurge liquid, that the initial liquid remained in equilibrium with the pressurizer steam space, and that the steam which flashed during blowdown remained dispersed in the liquid phase and caused the liquid level to swell. The adjusted pressurizer water level vs time curve showed a maximum level of 78%, Reference 2, (1874 ft" ), below the safety valve nozzle elevation which is greater than 100% level, so that dry saturated steam flow to the safety valves is assured throughout the blowdown. The computer analysis also showed that adequate subcooling was maintained in the RCS during the blowdown, so that steam bubble formation is precluded. 

Criticality safety evaluations for handling mixed Pu-U oxide-type fuel elements depend heavily on computational analysis with experimentally validated computer codes and cross-section data. A series of critical experiments has been performed with fast test reactor fuel pins in water at the Battelle-Pacific Northwest Critical Mass Laboratory in support of the Advanced Fuel Recycle... 

A common feature in the models reviewed above was to calculate pressure and temperature distributions in a sequential procedure so that the interactions between temperature and other variables were ignored. It is therefore desirable to develop a numerical model that couples the solutions of pressure and temperature. The absence of such a model is mainly due to the excessive work required by the coupling computations and the difficulties in handling the numerical convergence problem. Wang et al. [27] combined the isothermal model proposed by Hu and Zhu [16,17] with the method proposed by Lai et al. for thermal analysis and presented a transient thermal mixed lubrication model. Pressure and temperature distributions are solved iteratively in a iterative loop so that the interactions between pressure and temperature can be examined. 

A typical method for thermal analysis is to solve the energy equation in hydrodynamic films and the heat conduction equation in solids, simultaneously, along with the other governing equations. To apply this method to mixed lubrication, however, one has to deal with several problems. In addition to the great computational work required, the discontinuity of the hydrodynamic films due to asperity contacts presents a major difficulty to the application. As an alternative, the method of moving point heat source integration has been introduced to conduct thermal analysis in mixed lubrication. 

The volumetric expansion parameter S may thus be taken as 0.9675. The product distribution will vary somewhat with temperature, but the stoichiometry indicated above is sufficient for preliminary design purposes. (We should also indicate that if one s primary goal is the production of ethylene, the obvious thing to do is to recycle the propylene and ethane and any unreacted propane after separation from the lighter components. In such cases the reactor feed would consist of a mixture of propane, propylene, and ethane, and the design analysis that we will present would have to be modified. For our purposes, however, the use of a mixed feed would involve significantly more computation without serving sufficient educational purpose.)... 

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