Misunderstandings

In the hope of having done away with these misunderstandings, we now address the molecular origin of the hydrophobic hydration as well as the hydrophobic interaction. Note that comprehension of hydrophobic hydration is a prerequisite for understanding hydrophobic interactions, since hydrophobic interactions always involve a (partial) reversal of the hydrophobic hydration. 

Misunderstandings arise when membrane users assume that MWCO means what it seems to say. The definition implies that a 50 kD membrane will separate a 25 kD material from a 75 kD material. The rule of thumb is that the molecular mass must differ by a factor of ten for a good separation. Special techniques are used to permit the separation of proteins with much smaller mass ratio. 

The true influence of flaws and defects on component failure is commonly misunderstood. This misunderstanding often arises from one of two misconceptions. The first misconception can be clarified by simple definitions of a flaw and a defect. 

The differential reactor is the second from the left. To the right, various ways are shown to prepare feed for the differential reactor. These feeding methods finally lead to the recycle reactor concept. A basic misunderstanding about the differential reactor is widespread. This is the belief that a differential reactor is a short reactor fed with various large quantities of feed to generate various small conversions. In reality, such a system is a short integral reactor used to extrapolate to initial rates. This method is similar to that used in batch reactor experiments to estimate... 

Given that multiple contractor and subcontractor organizations could be involved in work activities, senior management should address any misunderstandings concerning specific operational responsibilities and accountabilities that could cause problems in the administration of site-specific programs. 

The validity of the risk of nuclear that was estimated by the Reactor Safety Study was questioned when the TMI-2 accident occurred. This showed a misunderstanding of the probabilistic nature of risk, A single event neither proves nor disproves a statistical result it may, however, question the usefulness of risk as a safety measure. 

Partial enclosures are a compromise between containment and access. Most people misunderstand the function of partial enclosures. It is not possible to completely separate the interior from the surroundings with partial enclosures. Complete separation is only possible with total enclosures. The function of a partial enclosure is as dependent on the flow rate, the flow field, the working procedures, the contaminant generation process, etc. as is the function of exterior hoods. The advantage with a partial enclosure is that the physical walls diminish the possibilities for the contaminants to escape from the hood to the surroundings. Thus these hoods could be used when relatively high demands are put on the contaminant concentration outside the hood. Some of the most commonly used enclosures, such as fume cupboards and booths, are described. Many variations of these exist, e.g., enclosure of the complete process, and some of these are described here. 

Take action every time there is misunderstanding. Don t let it go unattended and don t admonish those who may have misunderstood policy. It may not be their fault ... 

The purpose of the requirements is to ensure that you have established the requirements you are obliged to meet before you commence work. This is one of the most important requirements of the standard. The majority of problems downstream can be traced either to a misunderstanding of customer requirements or insufficient attention being paid to the resources required to meet customer requirements. Get these two things right and you are halfway there to satisfying your customer needs and expectations. 

For another incident involving a construction team, see Section 5.4.2 (b). 1.4.5 Misunderstandings... 

Many incidents have occurred because of misunderstandings of the meanings of words and phrases. The following incidents are typical ... 

If your company has an in-house audit function or standing team, try to enlist their support, either on a consulting basis or to conduct the PSM assessment under your team s direction. At the very least, make sure they know about the PSM assessment, to avoid potential misunderstandings. 

Hybrid approaches are generally more difficult to manage as the relationships and division of responsibilities between the PSM project teams and other management varies from element to element. This can lead to confusion within both the PSM teams and among other managers, which can result in misunderstandings and wasted work. 

Involving nonmanagement employees In the PSM pilot can be very helpful. Involvement at early stages encourages buy-in from people who mil ultimately be important to the success of PSM. If you select a unionized facility, it may be wise to involve the local representative in advance of the test. Consult with the facility manager to avoid misunderstandings. 

Even when responsibilities have been assigned in a clear manner, people may fail to tell their colleagues what they need to know, or may misunderstand a message. The following two incidents were due to failures of communication. 

In one incident, the laboratory staff were asked to analyze the atmosphere in a tanker to see if any hydrocarbon was present. The staff regularly analyzed the atmosphere inside LPG tank trucks to see if any oxygen was present. Owing to a misunderstanding they assumed that an oxygen analysis was required on this occasion and reported over the phone that "none had been detected." The worker assumed that no hydrocarbon had been detected and sent the tank truck for repair. Fortunately the garage carried out their own check analysis. 

Missstand, m, improper state or condition inconvenience, nuisance, abuse, grievance, misst, pr. 3 sing, (of messen) measures, misstrauen, r.i. distrust, mistrust. MUs-verh tnis, n. disproportion, asymmetry incongruity disparity inadequacy, -ver-stilndais, n. misunderstanding, miasverstehen, v.t. misunderstand,... 

Manufacturers catalogs are usually available and complete with capacity tables for the selection of a unit size. However, it is good practice to have this selection checked by the manufacturer whenever condidons will allow. This avoids misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the catalog, thereby assuring a better selection for the separation operation, and at the same time the experience of the manufacturer can be used to advantage. 

A lease or contract of tenancy can be verbal but is usually in writing, as there is the possibility of misunderstandings and thus disputes. In some cases, this is overcome by a deed that sets out the conditions of the letting. This is a contractual document, which is made by indenture,... 

Accepted solutions are usually covered by specifications and codes of practice. These documents are important for three reasons they form part of the contract they define methods of design and fabrication proven by experience and they act as a means of communication between the parties involved in design, fabrication, construction and inspection. There is a strong incentive to use standard solutions as unexpected problems or misunderstandings are less likely to occur than if a novel solution is attempted such problems lead to the cost of rectification, but the delay that they cause is usually more importantConsequently project managers are often reluctant to be the first to use a novel solution. 

---