Mississippian

Estimates of oil shale deposits by continent are given in Table 1 (2). Characteristics of many of the world s best known oil shales are summarized in Table 2 (3,4). Oil shale deposits in the United States occur over a wide area (Table 3). The most extensive deposits, covering ca 647,000 km (250,000 mi ), are the Devonian-Mississippian shales of the eastern United States (5). The richest U.S. oil shales are in the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Typical mineral and organic analyses for Green River oil shale are given in Table 4. 

Occurrence. Iodine [7553-56-2] is widely distributed in the Hthosphere at low concentrations (about 0.3 ppm) (32). It is present in seawater at a concentration of 0.05 ppm (33). Certain marine plants concentrate iodine to higher levels than occur in the sea brine these plants have been used for their iodine content. A significant source of iodine is caUche deposits of the Atacama Desert, Chile. About 40% of the free world s iodine was produced in Japan from natural gas wells (34), but production from Atacama Desert caUche deposits is relatively inexpensive and on the increase. By 1992, Chile was the primary world producer. In the United States, underground brine is the sole commercial source of iodine (35). Such brine can be found in the northern Oklahoma oil fields originating in the Mississippian geological system (see Iodine and iodine compounds). 

Hannah, R.R. "Hew Fracturing Technique Leads to Improved Performance in the Mississippian Trend," J. Pet. Technol.(August 1976) 859 864. 

Reber, E. A. and Evershed, R. P. (2004a) How did Mississippians prepare maize The application of compound specific carbon isotopic analysis to absorbed pottery residues from several Mississippi Valley sites. Archaeometry 46, 19 33. 

Meyers, W. J. and K. C. Lohmann, 1985, Isotope geochemistry of regional extensive calcite cement zones and marine components in Mississippian limestones, New Mexico. In N. Schneidermann and P. M. Harris (eds.), Carbonate Cements. SEPM Special Publication 36,223-239. 

Nelson, J., Paradis, S., Christensen, J. Gabites, J. 2002. Canadian Cordilleran Mississippi Valley-type deposits A case for Devonian-Mississippian back-arc hydrothermal origin. Economic Geology, 97, 1013-1036. 

An example is presented from the North Slope of Alaska, where the largest producing oil field was discovered in 1968. The petroliferous sedimentary rocks of the North Slope consist of Mississippian through Tertiary sandstone, conglomerates, shales, and carbonates. Two major rock sequences comprise the sedimentary succession. The... 

Schurr, M. R. (1992). Isotopic and mortuary variability in a Middle Mississippian population. American Antiquity 57 300-320. 

All rocks of the area belong to the sedimentary sequence of the Selwyn basin of late Proterozoic to Mississippian age (Abbott et al. 1986), and are on a... 

HAYES (J.B.), 1963. Clay mineralogy of Mississippian strata of southeast Iowa. 10th Natl. Conf. Clays and Clay Min. Pergamon 413-25. 

The Ordovician Juniata, Devonian Catskill, and Mississippian Mauch Chunk red beds represent alluvial deposits (Table III). As would be expected because of the oxidizing nature of the environment, organic carbon is much lower than in the other deposits, organic nitrogen is somewhat lower, and glucose equivalent is much lower. 

Pocono Sandstone, Lower Mississippian, Sideling Hill, 2 mi. southwest of Mill Creek, Mt. Union Quadrangle. 

Time generally is considered to have relatively small influence on the coalification process. To prove this it is usual to offer the example of the Mississippian lignites from the Moscow Basin which, despite their great geological age, still lack bituminous characteristics. These coals, however, were never buried to any great depth. 

Devonian Pertaining to or designating that period of the Paleozoic that follows the Silurian and is next below the Mississippian. 

The discovery well in the Splunge (Mississippian-Carter) Field was completed in 1973. As of January 1985, the field had 16 wells which had produced a total of 623,000 Mscf, 43 bbl of water, and no oil. How would you classify the fluid in this reservoir ... 

Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) Waltersburg Crudes of the Illinois Basin, Illinois State Geol. Survey Circ. (1968) 421. 

There aie also Eastern oil shales, which lepiesent petioleum locked in older shales dating back to the Devonian and Mississippian eras. It is estimated that these shales contain some 2 trillion barrels of oil and underlie an area of over a million square kilometers (400,000 square miles) in Michigan, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, southwestern Indiana,... 

North American archaeological sites reflect the use of colorants, exemplified by the abundance of die inorganic mineral pigment red ochre in domestic and mortuary contexts in sites from the Clovis through the Mississippian periods (10000 B.P.-1400 A.D.). Typically the presence of these accumulations of pigment minerals is interpreted as material used in ceramics, or for body painting. Color on textiles is not usually considered. 

The use of color by prehistoric peoples was also addressed in Willoughby s discussion of textiles found at the Mississippian temple mound sites of Etowah, Georgia and Spiro, Oklahoma (colored textiles. Kuttruff proposed that the complexity of these textiles including the colored patterning and design motifs is indicative of sophisticated artisanship and status differences that were expressed through clothing (73), but her study did not involve the identification of colorant types. Saltzman (14) identified madder as the dye plant that had been used to color some of the Spiro textiles. 

While some of the Mississippian textiles are of similar structure to the Middle Woodland textiles, others are very complex materials and are lace-like in appearance. Many of the materials from Etowah are preserved by mineralization, and display green-colored deposits on their surfaces. Bast fiber, rabbit hair, and feathers have been identified (2, 11). The textiles from these two sites selected for analysis are representative of the complexity of structure and fineness of yarns seen in the materials they provide evidence of the sophisticated technology of prehistoric people in all phases of fiber collection, processing, yarn spinning, fabric manufacture and, when present, coloration. 

Frost, J.K., Zierath, D.L. and Shimp, N.F. (1985) Chemical Composition and Geochemistry of the New Albany Shale Group (Devonian-Mississippian) in Illinois., Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL. 

Coal deposits, usually called beds or seams, can range from fractions of an inch to hundreds of feet in thickness. Coals are found in all geologic periods from Silurian through Quaternary, but the earliest commercially important coals are found in rocks of Mississippian age (Carboniferous in Europe). Coals generally... 

The reservoir rocks that yield crude oil range in age from Precambrian to Recent geologic time but rocks deposited during the Tertiary, Cretaceous, Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, and Ordovician periods are particularly productive. In contrast, rocks of Jurassic, Triassic, Silurian, and Cambrian age are less productive and rocks of Precambrian age yield petroleum only under exceptional circumstances. 

Bradley and Weaver (1956) Upper Mississippian limestone, Juniper Canyon, Colo., U.S.A., contains approximately 20% quartz. 

Peterson, N.M.A., 1961. Expandable chloritic clay minerals from Upper Mississippian carbonate rocks, of the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. Am. Mineralogist, 46 1245- 1269. 

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