Misleading presentation

Whilst the underlying clinical data in an application may be representative of the author s intention it is quite possible for the system to fail at the final hurdle by presenting that data to the user in a manner which misleads a user. 

It can be useful for designers to draw up a list of best-practise examples of solid user interface design. These may subsequently form the basis of some user interface safety requiranents. The list might include for example  

Many applications use a browser of some description on the client machine to access the service. There are a large number of different browsers available for example Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, MoziUa, Firefox, etc. Whilst these applications all intend to fulfil the same purpose there are subtle differences between them which have the potential to render data differently. It is often difficult for developers to write code which produces identical output in all browsers. A further level of complexity is introduced as each of the potential browsers typically exists in a number of different versions - the precise manner in which data is rendered may vary between these versions. In some cases the inconsistencies in display can be very subtle, for example the way in which special characters such as and apostrophe are shown. 

A discrete instance of a biological variable is far less useful than a view of the changes in that variable over time. For example, a blood pressure of 150/85 provides a clinician with a limited amount of information. In contrast showing that 150/85 is part of a steady rise in blood pressure each and every month for the past year tells a very different story. Thus, trended data is often rehed upon to inform clinical care. It follows that misrepresentation of this data can be a very real hazard. 

Rendering images correctly (template and annotation) is subject to many factors which could adversely impact their relative alignment. For example, the screen 

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In one of their comparisons between the matrix model and the dual mode model, a somewhat misleading presentation of data is unintentionally offered in Figure 4 of the Raucher and Sefcik paper "Matrix Model of Gas Sorption and Diffusion in Glassy... 

Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). This description is misleading. After all, almost all chemists routinely make qualitative or quantitative measurements. The argument has been made that analytical chemistry is not a separate branch of chemistry, but simply the application of chemical knowledge. In fact, you probably have performed quantitative and qualitative analyses in other chemistry courses. For example, many introductory courses in chemistry include qualitative schemes for identifying inorganic ions and quantitative analyses involving titrations. 

The title of this chapter is somewhat misleading. In one sense it is too broad, in another sense too restrictive. We shall really discuss in detail only the phase separation and osmostic pressure of polymer solutions a variety of other thermodynamic phenomena are ignored. In this regard the chapter title would better read Some aspects of. . . . Throughout this volume only a small part of what might be said about any topic is actually presented, so this modifying phrase is taken to be understood and is omitted. 

With many natural substances also, the exact nature of the corrosive is uncertain and is subject to changes not readily controlled in the laboratory. In other cases, the corrosiveness of the solution may be influenced greatly by or even may be due principally to a constituent present in such minute proportions that the mass available in the hm-ited volume of corrosive solution that could be used in a laboratory setup would be exhausted by the corrosion reaction early in the test, and consequently the results over a longer period of time woiild be misleading. 

The B/C ratio can be misleading. For exan ple, if the present value of a cyclone s benefits were 10,000 and costs were 6,000, the B/C ratio would be 10,000/ 6,000 or 1.67. But what if, upon further reassessment of the project, we find that some of the costs are not true costs, but instead simply offsets to benefits In this case, the ratio could be changed considerably. 

It has recently been suggested that the imino hydrogen atom in 1,2,4-triazoles is not attached to any of the nitrogen atoms but rather that it exists as a charged atom closely bound by a negatively charged triazole nucleus stabilized by resonance (e.g., 34 and 35), but such a representation is considered to be incorrect and misleading by the present authors. 

In these line-angle formulas it is understood that there is a carbon atom at each vertex of the hexagon hydrogen atoms are not shown. This model is consistent with many of the properties of benzene. The molecule is a planar hexagon with bond angles of 120°. The hybridization of each carbon is sp2. However, this structure is misleading in one respect Chemically, benzene does not behave as if double bonds were present... 

In battery applications, new hthium ion batteries called lithium ion polymer batteries (or more simply but misleadingly, lithium polymer batteries) work with a full matrix of ionically conducting polymer, this polymer being present inside the porous electrodes and as a separator between the electrodes. They are offered in attractive flat shapes for mobile applications (mobile phones, notebooks). 

There is no standard set of specifications for the presentation of °ThAJ data in scientific publications however, there are a number of ways in which the data can be presented so as to be at best ambiguous, and at worst misleading. These include ... 

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