Mining arsenic

Nickel [7440-02-0] Ni, recognized as an element as early as 1754 (1), was not isolated until 1820 (2). It was mined from arsenic sulfide mineral deposits (3) and first used in an alloy called German Silver (4). Soon after, nickel was used as an anode in solutions of nickel sulfate [7786-81 A] NiSO, and nickel chloride [7718-54-9] NiCl, to electroplate jewelry. Nickel carbonyl [13463-39-3] Ni(C02)4, was discovered in 1890 (see Carbonyls). This material, distilled as a hquid, decomposes into carbon monoxide and pure nickel powder, a method used in nickel refining (5) (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

Minerals Yearbook, Minor Metals bulletin (Arsenic Section), Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Washington D.C., 1988. 

J. R. Loebenstein, Mineral Industry Surveys, Arsenic in 1989 (Annual Keview), Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept, of Interior, Washington D.C., 1989. Information bulletin. No. 5 and 6, Arsenic Development Committee, Rue LaEayette, Paris, Prance, 1965. 

The sulfiu can be piped long distances in liquid form or transported molten in ships, barges or rail cars. Alternatively it can be prilled or bandied as nuggets or chunks. Despite the vast bulk of liquid sulfur mined by the Frasch process it is obtained in very pure form. There is virtually no selenium, tellurium or arsenic impurity, and the product is usually 99.5-99.9% pure. ... 

Nuclear and non-nuclear munitions (to include mines, grenades, demolition devices, explosives, explosive devices and initiators) except chemical and smoke munitions assigned to Edgewood Arsenal... 

Macy JM, K Nuna, KD Hagen, DR Dixon, PJ Harbour, M Cahill, LI Sly (1996) Chrysiogenes arsenatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new arsenate-respiring bacterium isolated from gold mine wastewater. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 1153-1157. 

Kase, K. (1988) Tin, arsenic, zinc and silver vein mineralization in the Besshi mine. Central Shikoku, Japan. Mining Geology, 38, 407-418. 

Earl, B. and A. Adriens (2000), Initial experiments on arsenical bronze production, ]. Mining Metals Mater. Soc. (March), 14. 

Davis A, Ruby MV, Bergstrom PD. 1992. Bioavailability of arsenic and lead in soils from the Butte, Montana, mining district. Environmental Science Technology 26 461-468. 

Figure 9.1. Measured and fitted global annual industrial age As production, (a) by mining (b) released by coal burning (c) released by petroleum burning and (d) gross annual release into the environment (See explanations in the text) (after Han et al., 2003b. Reprinted from Naturwissenschaften, 90, Han F.X., Su Y., Monts D.L., Plodinec M.J., Banin A., Triplett G.B., Assessment of global industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic contamination, pp 396-397, Copyright (2003), with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media)...

Loebenstein J.R. The materials flow of arsenic in the United States. U.S. Bureau of Mines Information, 1994. 

Pigna M, Colombo C, Violante A (2003) Competitive sorption of arsenate and phosphate on synthetic hematites (in Italian). Proceedings XXI Congress of Societa Italiana Chimica Agraria SICA (Ancona), pp 70-76 Quirk JP (1955) Significance of surface area calculated from water vapour sorption isotherms by use of the B. E. T. equation. Soil Sci 80 423-430 Rancourt DG, Fortin D, Pichler T, Lamarche G (2001) Mineralogical characterization of a natural As-rich hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitate formed by mining hydrothermal fluids and seawater. Am Mineral 86 834-851 Raven K, Jain A, Loeppert, RH (1998) Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite kinetics, equilibrium, and adsorption envelopes. Environ Sci Technol 32 344-349... 

Arsine is a colorless gas used in the semiconductor industry. Arsine also is used in mining and manufacturing processes involving arsenicals and paints and herbicides containing arsenicals. 

Arsine is an extremely toxic, colorless gas used extensively in the semiconductor industry. Arsine also is used in mining and manufacturing processes involving arsenicals and in paints and herbicides containing arsenicals (Risk and Fuortes 1991). Annual production has been estimated at over 10,000 pounds and is likely increasing with greater use in the semiconductor industry (U.S. EPA 1980). The physical and chemical data for arsine are shown in Table 2-2. 

Smith, K. S., W. H. Ficklin, G. S. Plumlee and A. L. Meier, 1992, Metal and arsenic partitioning between water and suspended sediment at mine-drainage sites in diverse geologic settings. In Y. K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 443M-47. 

United States Montana 1990 wetland contaminated by mining wastes (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc) ... 

Pascoe, G.A., R.J. Blanchet, and G. Linder. 1994. Bioavailability of metals and arsenic to small mammals at a mining waste-contaminated wetland. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 44-50. 

Aquatic life in proximity to mining activities, lead arsenate pesticides, metal finishing industries, lead alkyl production, and lead aerosol fallout... 

Exposure of humans and wildlife to arsenic may occur through air (emissions from smelters, coal-fired power plants, herbicide sprays), water (mine tailings runoff, smelter wastes, natural mineralization), and food (especially seafoods). 

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