Minimum equipment lists process

The minimuin spacing between equipment should be set early on in the design. These distances are set for safety purposes and should be set with both local and national codes in mind. A comprehensive list of the recommended minimum distances between process equipment is given by Bausbacher and Hunt [5]. The values for some basic process equipment are listed in Table 1.11. 

In the following table the important process steps (Proc. no.), the process description (Process quantity) (measure), the related target data (Target data) and their tolerances (tolerances) are listed and compared with average data measured in three runs (Ave. act. data) and the minimum and maximum data measured in the three runs (min./max.). The last two data have to be taken from the protocols and to be listed. In the last column the identification number of the runs, in which the two extreme data are measured is listed (Ident. no.) The last two column are not given, with the exception of proc. nr. 1.1 as an example- The table is a proposal of how the comparison could be made. The list may not be complete in all possible cases and is concentrated on the time-, pressure- and temperature data. Other methods may be preferred to make the ability of the equipment transparent. 

The spacing recommendations for process layout have been presented in literature as matrixes and lists of the typical minimum distances between different process items (Industrial Risk Insurers (1991) Bausbacher and Hunt (1993) Prugh (1982)). A suitable distance to another process item depends mostly on the safety properties of the process items. The clearance required for maintenance and access determine usually shorter spacings compared to safety clearances. In some references access and maintenance clearances are given separately. Therefore it can be assumed that the average of the recommended equipment spacings is mostly related to the general unsafety of a specific process item. 

Prepared, quality-control tested liposomes are available from commercial sources, as listed in Subheading 2., but they remain quite expensive. We describe here a method for the preparation of cationic liposomes by extrusion, a process that can be performed reproducibly in the laboratory with a minimum of equipment (a vortex mixer, a source of vacuum, and an extrusion device). 

The blue boxes to the left of each item in the list indicate the Project Components. The yellow arrows inside the boxes indicate that the equipment item was obtained from the mapping of a process simulation unit, whose name appears after its box. Note that by default Aspen IPE lists all of the equipment items in the Workbook Mode, as shown above. The List tab at the bottom of the Main window denotes that the equipment items are listed in the Workbook Mode. Also note that user-inputted equipment items, such as a reboiler pump (not included in the above frame), are represented in the Workbook by blue boxes without the yellow arrow. To add these equipment items, see the section Adding Equipment. The OK in the Status column of the Workbook indicates that the minimum required information for costing the equipment is available. When one or more items are missing, a question mark appears instead, alerting the user to provide a specification(s) so that the equipment-sizing step can proceed. 

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