Minerals titanium oxide

Iron Titanates. Ferrous metatitanate [12168-52-4] FeTiO, mp ca 1470°C, density 472(0), an opaque black soHd having a metallic luster, occurs in nature as the mineral ilmenite. This ore is used extensively as a feedstock for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments. Artificial ilmenite may be made by heating a mixture of ferrous oxide and titanium oxide for several hours at 1200°C or by reducing a titanium dioxide/ferric oxide mixture at 450°C. 

Titanium dioxide (E171, Cl white 6) is a white, opaque mineral occurring naturally in three main forms rutile, anatase, and brookite. More than 4 million tons of titanium dioxide are produced per year and it is widely used for industrial applications (paints, inks, plastics, textiles) and in small amounts as a food colorant. ° "° Production and properties — Titanium oxide is mainly produced from ilmenite, a titaniferous ore (FeTiOj). Rutile and anatase are relatively pure titanium dioxide (Ti02) forms. Titanium oxide pigment is produced via chloride or sulfate processes via the treatment of the titanium oxide ore with chlorine gas or sulfuric acid, followed by a series of purification steps. High-purity anatase is preferred for utilization in the food industry. It may be coated with small amounts of alumina or silica to improve technological properties. 

Buddington A. E and Lindsley D. H. (1964). Iron-titanium oxide minerals and synthetic equivalents. J. Petrol, 5 310-357. 

Spencer K. I and Lindsley D. H. (1981). A solution model for coexisting iron-titanium oxides. Amer. Mineral, 66 1189-1201. 

Frost, B.R. Lindsley, D.H. (1991) Occurrence of iron-titanium oxides in igneous rocks. In Lindsley, D.H. (ed.) Oxide minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy 25, Min. Soc. Am., 433-468 Frost, B.R. (1991) Stability of oxide minerals in metamorphic rocks. In Lindsley, D.H. (ed.) Oxide minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy 25, Min. Soc. Am., 469-488 Fryer, J.R. (1979) The chemical applications of transmission electron microscopy. Academic Press, London New York, 231 p. 

Titanium occurs in nature in the minerals rutile( Ti02), ilmenite (FeTiOs), geikielite, (MgTiOs) perovskite (CaTiOs) and titanite or sphene (CaTiSi04(0,0H,F)). It also is found in many iron ores. Abundance of titanium in the earth s crust is 0.565%. Titanium has been detected in moon rocks and meteorites. Titanium oxide has been detected in the spectra of M-type stars and interstellar space. 

Anatase form is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of titanium(IV) sulfate on heating. The mineral ilmenite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Heating the sulfate solution precipitates hydrous titanium oxide. The precipitate is calcined to expel all water. 

Fe203, Ti02, MgO, and CaO are nearly always present in kaolinite samples and K20 and Na20 are usually present. Most samples either have excess Si02 or A1203-Mineral impurities such as quartz, anatase, rutile, pyrite, limonite, feldspar, mica, montmorillonite, and various iron and titanium oxides are commonly present in addition to a number of other minerals. Si and Al, in the form of hydroxides, apparently can occur as coatings on the kaolinite layers. Although many of these impurities are usually identified, seldom is the analysis sufficiently quantitative to determine if all the deviation from the ideal composition is due to these impurities. 

In carrier flotation, small-sized (several pm diameter) particles become attached to the surfaces of larger particles (perhaps 50 pm diameter, the carrier particles) [630]. The carrier particles attach to the air bubbles and the combined aggregates of small desired particles, carrier particles, and air bubbles float to form the froth. An example is the use of limestone particles as carriers in the flotation removal of fine iron and titanium oxide mineral impurities from kaolinite clays [630]. The use of a fatty acid collector makes the impurity oxide particles hydrophobic these then aggregate on the carrier particles. In a sense, the opposite of carrier flotation is slime coating, in which the flotation of coarse particles is decreased or prevented by coating their surfaces with fine hydrophilic particles (slimes). An example is the slime coating of fine fluorite particles onto galena particles [630],... 

Erost B. R. and Eindsley D. H. (1991) Occurrence of iron-titanium oxides in igneous rocks. Mineral. Soc. Am. Rev. Mineral. 25, 433-468. 

The industrially most important minerals for aluminum manufacture are the bauxites (laterite). Bauxite is not a uniform material, but comprises a mixture of different aluminum oxide hydrates and hydroxides [e.g. boehmite, y-AIO(OH), diaspore, a-AlO(OH)] with aluminum silicates, iron and titanium oxides etc. with between 35 and 70% (mostly 50 to 65%) aluminum oxide. 

Titanium oxides. Titanium in soils is present in finely divided crystals of primary minerals such as rutile and anatase (Ti02), sphene (CaTiSiOs), and ilmenite (FeTi03). Titanium minerals are... 

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