Increment method

For incremental methods of analysis, the sample is theoretically taken from an extremely thin layer in which h2 is nearly equal to hj for cumulative methods of analysis, the amount settling in a particular plane in a given time, normally at the bottom of the settling vessel, is measured... 

Schuurmann, G., Kiihne, R., Ebert, R.-U., Kleint, F. Multivariate error analysis of increment methods for calculating the... 

In the incremental or decremental technique, another designation for the standard addition (or subtraction) technique, one adds increments of standard solution to the sample, or vice versa. (In the decremental technique the standard precipitates or complexes the ion under test.) When the sample itself is incrementally added to the standard, the latter may have received a previous addition of ISA and/or pH adjuster, but in the reverse method this addition may be made to the sample. However, for the specific example of a univalent anion we shall show how the normal incremental method works38 and that in fact the addition of ISA is not necessary. 

This result shows that in the incremental method it is not necessary to know the actual values of fa and Et. Apart from this advantage, it may be considered as a disadvantage that the order of magnitude of the sample concentration must be known in advance and that all solution volumes involved should be accurately determined. 

The point about writing specifications and abstract designs is not to get them entirely set in concrete before implementing but instead to record what you ve decided to provide. In the How to chapters in Part V, we look at the short-cycle incremental methods of delivery that have been found to be most effective in recent years. The main requirement of a specification is not that it be complete before the code is written but rather that by the delivery date it should be usefully complete and consistent with the code (and not too far off, in between). 

The principles of titration calorimetry will now be introduced using isoperibol continuous titration calorimetry as an example. These principles, with slight modifications, can be adapted to the incremental method and to techniques based on other types of calorimeters, such as heat flow isothermal titration calorimetry. This method, which has gained increasing importance, is covered in section 11.2. 

Keywords Adducts, C60, C70, esters of fatty acid, excipients, fatty acids, fullerenes, glycerol esters of fatty acids, grafting, group increment method, solubility, solubility parameter, vehicles for drug delivery, vegetable oils, triglycerides... 

Calculation of reduced partition normalized fractionation factors, through the modified increment method, allows the derivation of T-dependent mineral-mineral oxygen isotopic fractionations expressed in the polynomial form... 

Zheng (1993b) also extended the modified increment method to the evaluation of reduced partition function ratios in hydroxyl-bearing silicate minerals through... 

Table 11.12 Oxygen isotope fractionation in quartz-mineral, mineral-water, and calcite-mineral couples, according to modified increment method of Zheng (1991, 1993a,b).

Isotope fractionations in solids depend on the nature of the bonds between atoms of an element and the nearest atoms in the crystal structure (O Neil 1986). The correlation between bond strength and oxygen isotope fractionation was investigated by Schiitze (1980), who developed an increment method for predicting oxygen isotope fractionations in silicate minerals. Richter and Hoemes (1988) applied this method to the calculation of oxygen isotope fractionations between silicate minerals and... 

Richter R, Hoernes S (1988) The application of the increment method in comparison with experi-mentaUy derived and calculated O-isotope fractionations. Chemie derErde 48 1-18 Richter FM, Liang Y, Davis AM (1999) Isotope fractionation by diffusion in molten oxides. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63 2853-2861... 

Proton-proton homonuclear decoupling has been performed by the ESLG decoupling sequence [46]. Quadrature detection in coj was achieved by using the time proportional phase increment method (TPPI) [47]. During the acquisition period, two pulse phase modulation (TPPM) heteronuclear decouphng ]48] was applied (Figure 7.6). 

Overall, serum and urinary increment methods have shown that a Ca source (e.g., CaCOs) accompanied by citrate is better absorbed than one that is not (Heaney et ah, 1999). Citrate that is absorbed into circulation is inclined to bind Ca ions and thereby artificially elevate incremental data compared to other salts (Heaney, 2001b). A number of studies utilizing the most sensitive isotopic tracer methods have demonstrated that CCM is highly absorbable compared to other Ca sources (Abrams et ah, 2003 Heaney et ah, 1989b Miller et ah, 1988 Smith et ah, 1987). 

In some publications2,14> 20,21 the activation energy AU is defined as depending on the temperature and is calculated using an increment method. In our case AU is given by the chemical binding forces and is influenced only by the thermal expansion. 

A major difference with desired reactions is that the stoichiometry is often unknown, that is, the decomposition products are unknown. The reason is that decomposition reactions are often affected by the triggering conditions and thus often run along different reaction paths. This is a major difference compared to a total combustion, for example. The consequence is that the decomposition enthalpy cannot be predicted using standard enthalpies of formation AHjj taken from, for example, tables or estimated by group increment methods, such as Benson groups [3, 4] ... 

Mikolajczyk, M., Grzeijszczak, S., and Zatorski, A., Organosulfur compounds IX NMR and structural assignments in a,)3-unsaturated sulphoxides using additive increments method, Tetrahedron, 32, 969, 1976. 

Such a group contribution- or increment-method is necessarily an approximation, since the contribution of a given group in one surroundings is not necessarily the same as that in another environment. 

A full assignment of the proton resonance of substituted 2-styryl-5-nitroimidazoles was carried out by the use of an addition increment method for chemical shift prediction [353]. Some 4-styryl-5-nitroimidazoles have been studied in [354],... 

The total-cost method does not in general provide a satisfactory means for making most insulation investment decisions, since an economic return on investment is required by investors and the method does not properly consider this factor. Return on investment is considered by Rubin ( Piping Insulation—Economics and Profits, in Practical Considerations in Piping Analysis, ASME Symposium, vol. 69,1982, pp. 27-A6). The incremental method used in this reference requires that each incremental in of insulation provide the predetermined return on investment. The minimum thickness of installed insulation is used as a base for calculations. The incremental installed capital cost for each additional V2 in of insulation is determined. The energy saved for each increment is then determined. The value of this energy varies directly with the temperature level [e.g., steam at 538°C (1000°E) has a greater value than condensate at 100°C (212°F)]. The final increment selected for use is required either to provide a satisfactory return on investment or to have a suitable payback period. 

There are two methods that can be used to measure the response index of a detector, the incremental method of measurement and the logarithmic dilution method of measurement. The former requires no special apparatus but the latter requires a log-dilution vessel which fortunately is relatively easy to fabricate. 

Gerardin, A. Wantiez, D. Jaouen, A. An incremental method for the studying of the absorption of drugs whose kinetics are described by a two compartmental model. J. Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1983,11, 401 24. 

The UNIFAC method considers the liquid phase as a combination of structural elements. It correlates interaction parameters from molecular group stmctures with the activity coefficient. As an incremental method with a large number of parameters, the UNIFAC method provides a means of calculating liquid-liquid phase equilibria and partition coefficients in multicomponent systems [24-26],... 

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