Milling facilities

The presence of radiation in the workplace - which is an inevitable consequence of the radioactivity of uranium - requires that additional safety precautions be taken over and above those observed in other similar workplaces. There are generally three sources from which radiation exposure may occur (i) radiation emitted from uranium ore in-situ and/or during handling (ii) airborne radiation resulting from the decay of radon gas released from the ore and uranium dust and (iii) contamination by ore dust or concentrate. Radiation levels around uranium mining and milling facilities are quite low - for the most part only a few times the natural background levels - and they decrease rapidly as the distance from... 

Eggs Wisconsin 1992-96 near bleached kraft mill facilities vs. reference site ... 

Strength Responders were thoroughly debriefed when they returned to the CP from operations in the hot zone. Logistical support was timely in processing requests once they were established. Additional maps were available at the CP within the first hour. Railroad consists received at the CP within the first hour. Written preplans were used for searches of mill facilities GVW Fire Department walks down all Avondale facilities annually. 

EPA (1984) estimated that about 0.2 Ci of thorium-230 is annually emitted into the air from uranium mill facilities, coal-fired utilities and industrial boilers, phosphate rock processing and wet- process fertilizer production facilities, and other mineral extraction and processing facilities. About 0.084 Ci of thorium-234 from uranium fuel cycle facilities and 0.0003 Ci of thorium-232 from underground uranium mines are emitted into the atmosphere annually (EPA 1984). 

Process innovations have resulted from pressures to improve worker efficiency and the work place environment, to reduce energy consumption, to reduce initial capital expenditure, to reduce air and water pollution, to improve end product quality, and to introduce new products. In the last 40 years, older facilities have been completely redesigned and expanded, and since 1970, 23 completely new wet-milling facilities have been built in the United States. Such installations now require less space than... 

Muller, F. Polke, R.F. From the product and process requirements to the milling facility. Powder Tech. 1999, 105, 2-13. 

The first application of the new model approach was to the Ranstad Tailing site in Sweden, a former uranium milling facility. Figures 5.5 and 5.6 illustrate the derivation of a compartmental structure for this site. The tailing layer (T) is situated above a moraine layer (M) and a limestone layer (L). It is surrounded by a collecting ditch that... 

Some 420 nuclear power stations with a total edacity of more than 330,000 MW(e) are currently in operation and more are being constructed or plaimed. A large number of tuanium mine and mill facilities have been developed to produce the uranium required to fuel friese powCT stations. These mines and mills, including the large volumes of residues produced during frieir operation, will have to be decommissioned when the facilities have reached the aid of their usefiil life. 

Past activities resulted in some mines, mills and tailings areas being abandoned or decorrunissioned in a way that is no longer acceptable. However, present, mine/mill facilities typically have a number of licence conditions and regulations related to health, safety and protection of the environment. Inspections and monitoring operations by the regulatory authorities, to ensure compliance... 

Other than the orphan mining sites, all mining and milling facilities that were active until 1990 were transferred to the new Wismut rehabilitation company. Administered and financed by the Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi), this government-owned but privately organized and privately managed company is responsible for the decommissioning and remediation of its facilities and sites. 

The high-energy ball milling facilities were kindly made available by Professor Martha L. Mecartney of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine. 

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