Milk transfer

For milk, transfer the entire sample extract into a separatory funnel (250-mL), add an equivalent volume of dichloromethane plus a half equivalent volume of sodium chloride solution (5%, w/v). Shake the separatory funnel for 2 min and allow the phases to separate. Partially fill a glass filter funnel with anhydrous sodium sulfate (approximately 10 g) and filter the lower dichloromethane layer through the sodium sulfate, collecting the filtrate in a round-bottom flask (250-mL). Wash the sodium sulfate with dichloromethane (5 mL) and collect the washings in the same round-bottom flask. Rotary evaporate the sample to dryness under reduced pressure with a water-bath temperature of 40 °C. Dissolve the residue in 4 mL of ethyl acetate-toluene (3 1, v/v) and transfer the solution to a suitable vial ready for GPC cleanup. 

Iron Rat In utero or milk transfer of lead in pregnant or lactating rats Iron deficiency increases both in utero and milk transfer of lead to sucklings Cerklewski 1980... 

Ecobichon DJ, Hidvegi S, Comeau AM, et al. 1983. Transplacental and milk transfer of polybrominated biphenyls to perinatal guinea pigs from treated dams. Toxicology 28 51-63. 

Thomas, G. O., A. J. Sweetman, R. Lohmann, and K. C. Jones, Derivation and field testing of air-milk and feed-milk transfer factors for PCBs , Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3522-3528 (1998a). 

Atomic Energy Research Establishment Report. HP/R 2617. Harwell, Oxon. Bretthauer, E.W., Mullen, A.L. Morghissi, A. A. (1972) Milk transfer comparisons of different chemical forms of radioiodine. Health Physics, 22, 257-60. 

Hoffman, F.O. (1978) A review of measured values of the milk transfer coefficient for iodine. Health Physics, 35, 413-16. 

Milking rats under anesthesia in milk transfer studies is mentioned for instance by Endo (1992), Tanayama (1974) or Saillenfait (1997). 

Dried milk and nonfat dry milk. Transfer the sample to a dry, air-tight container with a capacity of ca. twice the volume of the sample and mix by shaking and inverting. Sift the sample through a 0.85 mm mesh sieve if necessary to break up any lumps and return it to the air-tight container. 

Soto-Blanco, B., Gomiak, S.L. (2003). Milk transfer of cyanide and thiocyanate cyanide exposure by lactation in goats. Vet Res. 34 213-20. 

Yoshida M, Watanabe C, Satoh H, et al. 1994. Milk transfer and tissue uptake of mercury in suckling offspring after exposure of lactating maternal guinea pigs to inorganic or methylmercury. Arch Toxicol 68 174-178. 

Sundberg J, Oskarsson A, Bergman K. 1991. Milk transfer of inorganic mercury to suckling rats. Interaction with selenite. Biol Trace Elem Res 28(l) 27-38. 

Dickinson JO, Cooke MP, King RR, Mohamed PA. Milk transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976 169 1192-6. 

Cameron BD, Phillips MW A, Fenerty CA. Milk transfer of rhein in the rhesus monkey. Pharmacology 1988 36(Suppl l) 221-5. 

The transfer of zinc across perfused placentas is slow only - 3% of maternal zinc reached the fetal compartment in 2 hours (Beer et al. 1992). The in vitro transfer of zinc between mother and fetus is bidirectional, with binding in the placenta (Beer et al. 1992). It is proposed that zinc uptake in the placenta involves a potassium/zinc transport system (Aslam and McArdle 1992). Newborns may also be exposed to zinc from their mothers by milk transfer of zinc during lactation (Rossowska and Nakamoto 1992). 

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