Mildew treatment

MAJOR USES No longer used in the U.S. previously used in manufacture of leather, pesticide for wood, glue preservation, anti-mildew treatment, fungicide, herbicide, defoliant. 

FWWMR Finish. The abbreviation for fire, water, weather, and mildew resistance, FWWMR, has been used to describe treatment with a chlorinated organic metal oxide. Plasticizers, coloring pigments, fiUers, stabilizers, or fungicides usuaUy are added. However, hand, drape, flexibUity, and color of the fabric are more affected by this type of finish than by other flame retardants. Add-ons of up to 60% are required in many cases to obtain... 

Schneiderhan, F.J. (1933). The discovery of Bordeaux mixture (three papers) I. Treatment of mildew and rot./ II. Treatment of mildew with copper sulphate and lime mixture./ III. Concerning the history of the treatment of mildew with copper sulphate. By Perre Marie Alexis Millardet 1885 , ATranslation from the French by Felix John Schneiderhan. American Phytopathological Society Phytopathological Classics, 3. 

Copper compounds are used in agriculture to treat mildew and other plant diseases in the food industry as preservatives, additives, or coloring agents in preservatives of wood, leather, and fabrics in coin manufacture and in water treatment (ATSDR1990 Roncero et al. 1992). The use of copper-containing pesticides is traditional along the Mediterranean Coast, especially the use of Bordeaux mixture, a copper sulfate-based fungicide that has been widely used for more than a century to... 

A more recent use of acrylonitrile is its use to make adiponitrile, which is the feedstock used in Nylon 66 production. Acrylonitrile also has been found to be good treatment for cotton, maicing it resistant to mildew, heat, and abrasion, and more receptive to dyes. 

The first was the rapid spread of Uncinula necator, vine powdery mildew, following its identification in England in 1845. A search for control methods led, from the initial observation by Mr Tuker in England that sulfur was an effective treatment, to the development in 1855 by Bequerel of a fungicide application programme based on the use of a fine form of sulfur dust. 

Downy mildew can be controlled by the spray application of various chemicals either as preinfection or postinfection treatments. There are two groups of spray chemicals, those with single site activity which act on only one site within the fungus organism or those with multisite activity, which act on more than one site within the fungus. The most used multisite chemicals for the preventive control of downy mildew are... 

The powdery mildew is a pathogen that was brought into England from North America in 1845. Subsequently, powdery mildew was introduced into France in 1847, Belgium in 1848, and finally Italy in 1849. By 1853, it was discovered, in France, that vine treatments with sulfur were able to control this pathogen. 

Triadimefon at 250 ppm ai was sprayed on young mildew pustules. After 24, 48 and 72 hours, spores from treated pustules were harvested and tested for their capacity to germinate and cause infection (7). It was found, that the number of germinating spores which caused infection decreased with increasing time (Table I). The change in appearance of the mildew pustules after treatment is shown in Figures 6 and 7 (7). 

Figure 3. Deformed haustorium of powdery mildew with abnormally formed "fingers" after treatment with 0.005% Bayleton (6 days post-inoculation). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 13. Copyright 1983 Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer.)...

The next figure (Figure 10) demonstrates that the intercellular mycelium in the treated tissue advanced to the mesophyll cells where it elicited a hypersensitive response within colonized, as well as in adjacent cells. The fungicide treatment induced in the susceptible wheat variety a reaction (hypersensitivity) which resembled that of a highly resistant host plant after rust attack, as described earlier for powdery mildew and barley. 

In France and Germany, disease control measures on cereals are directed primarily against foot rot and leaf diseases, or leaf and ear diseases. In the United Kingdom, treatments are generally made for the control of leaf diseases, such as powdery mildew. It should be mentioned that these data do not include the use of the azole-compound triadimenol as a seed dressing for early season protection against powdery mildew and rust fungi on wheat and barley. 

The percent increase in yield is often related to weather conditions. In dry years (1976) a relatively small number of fungicide cereal trials showed an increase in yield, but during wet years (1978) 60% of the tests showed yield increases. In long-term trials (4) in the Western region of Germany, seed treatments and foliar applications of triazole fungicides reduced crop losses from powdery mildew up to 25% (Table VI). ... 

In England, it is recommended that fungicidal treatment for control of powdery mildew on spring barley be applied when 3% of the area of the two oldest green leaves is infested with mildew. For winter wheat in the Federal Republic of Germany, the threshold value is about 1% infested area of the uppermost two leaves or an infestation frequency of more than 60%, that is when about two-thirds of all plants show mildew attack. These values are thought to indicate the presumable beginning of an epidemic development. 

Additional new systemic fungicides are being introduced for wheat disease control. One material CGA 64250 (Tilt),(l-(2-(2,4-di-chlorophenyl)4-propyl-l,3,-dioxolan-2-yl methyl)-H-l,2,4-triazole), is effective for control of powdery mildew, rust, and Septoria leaf blotch. However at this point in time, it is not certain whether U.S. EPA registration will allow a short enough interval between treatment and harvest for effective disease control by this compound. 

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