Microstructural essentialism

Leaving this microstructural essentialism behind, we can look at Water is H2O from the macrotheoretical perspective. The compositional formula H2O is an... 

Given these conditions, the final crystalline microstructure is essentially the same as that produced from the bulk process. 

Improvements in technology will shape developments in PL in the near future. PL will be essential for demonstrating the achievement of new low-dimensional quantum microstructures. Data collection will become easier and ter with the continuing development of advanced focusing holographic gratir, array and imaging detectors, sensitive near infiared detectors, and tunable laser sources. 

A special mention is in order of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), a variant that permits columns of atoms normal to the specimen surface to be imaged the resolution is better than an atomic diameter, but the nature of the image is not safely interpretable without the use of computer simulation of images to check whether the assumed interpretation matches what is actually seen. Solid-state chemists studying complex, non-stoichiometric oxides found this image simulation approach essential for their work. The technique has proved immensely powerful, especially with respect to the many types of defect that are found in microstructures. 

The amorphous orientation is considered a very important parameter of the microstructure of the fiber. It has a quantitative and qualitative effect on the fiber de-formability when mechanical forces are involved. It significantly influences the fatigue strength and sorptive properties (water, dyes), as well as transport phenomena inside the fiber (migration of electric charge carriers, diffusion of liquid). The importance of the amorphous phase makes its quantification essential. Indirect and direct methods currently are used for the quantitative assessment of the amorphous phase. 

As is well recognized, various macroscopic properties such as mechanical properties are controlled by microstructure, and the stability of a phase which consists of each microstructure is essentially the subject of electronic structure calculation and statistical mechanics of atomic configuration. The main subject focused in this article is configurational thermodynamics and kinetics in the atomic level, but we start with a brief review of the stability of microstructure, which also poses the configurational problem in the different hierarchy of scale. 

The mechanism of chloroprene polymerization is summarized in Scheme 4.11. Coleman et ai9iM have applied l3C NMR in a detailed investigation of the microstructure of poly(chloroprene) also known as neoprene. They report a substantial dependence of the microstructure on temperature and perhaps on reaction conditions (Table 4.3). The polymer prepared at -150 °C essentially has a homogeneous 1,4-tra/rv-niicrostructure. The polymerization is less specific at higher temperatures. Note that different polymerization conditions were employed as well as different temperatures and the influence of these has not been considered separately. 

The modern discipline of Materials Science and Engineering can be described as a search for experimental and theoretical relations between a material s processing, its resulting microstructure, and the properties arising from that microstructure. These relations are often complicated, and it is usually difficult to obtain closed-form solutions for them. For that reason, it is often attractive to supplement experimental work in this area with numerical simulations. During the past several years, we have developed a general finite element computer model which is able to capture the essential aspects of a variety of nonisothermal and reactive polymer processing operations. This "flow code" has been Implemented on a number of computer systems of various sizes, and a PC-compatible version is available on request. This paper is intended to outline the fundamentals which underlie this code, and to present some simple but illustrative examples of its use. 

Favorable rheological properties are an essential requirement for the commercialization of polyolefins like polyethylene. The ease of processability of the polymer melt, obtained through modifications in the microstructural features, is as important as the end use mechanical properties of these polymers. Presence of long-chain as well as short-chain branching, LCB and SCB, respectively, more or less dictates the rheological behavior of most commercial... 

As a result of these processing-microstructure-property-performance inter-relationships, it is essential to optimize not only the material compositions to be utilized in the fuel cell components, but also the processing methods used to produce those components. Such optimization must be performed considering both short- and... 

Generally, 3-D models are essential for calculating the radial distributions of spray mass, spray enthalpy, and microstructural characteristics. In some applications, axisymmetry conditions may be assumed, so that 2-D models are adequate. Similarly to normal liquid sprays, the momentum, heat and mass transfer processes between atomization gas and metal droplets may be treated using either an Eulerian or a Lagrangian approach. 

The example presented was aimed at a single product process. Multi-product processes will increase the complexity of the problem. Especially when the different products also have different microstructures. Scheduling could become an essential aspect of the design process. 

Properties As we have observed, an essential element in chemical products are their properties, basically because they are sold and bought for what they do. Some of these properties belong to components that form the chemical product, and others belong to the chemical product as a whole. Usually, the latter properties are those that depend on the chemical product microstructure. Some properties do not depend on the environment with which they interact and some others do. Figure 1 shows the type of interactions that occur between the chemical product and the environment. 

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