Near-infrared microscopy

The K-edge spectra of [Ni(287)2]2 and [Ni(cdt)2]2 are remarkably similar to each other and to those of natural hydrogenases.196 Some complexes with ligand (289) (R = NMe2, R = H, Me, NMe2) have been characterized using electronic and near infrared spectroscopy.823 Complex [Ni(289)2]2 served to study phase transformation behavior by microscopy and DSC.824... 

Principle Optical Coherent Microscopy, using femtocorrelated infrared radiation and interference recording of near-infrared light backscattered from the tissue, allows us to see the internal structure in biological objects with high resolution. 

Various optical detection methods have been used to measure pH in vivo. Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy using an inverted microscope was used to determine intracellular pH in tumor cells [5], NMR spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor temperature-induced pH changes in fish to study the role of intracellular pH in the maintenance of protein function [27], Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to map in-vivo extracellular pH in rat brain gliomas [3], Electron spin resonance (ESR), which is operated at a lower resonance, has been adapted for in-vivo pH measurements because it provides a sufficient RF penetration for deep body organs [28], The non-destructive determination of tissue pH using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been employed for pH measurements in the muscle during... 

Cherukuri P, Bachilo SM, Litovsky SH, Weisman RB (2004) Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes in phagocytic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 15638-15639. 

IPHC, Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion/chemotherapy MMC, Mitomycin C IP, Intraperitoneal SOD, Superoxide dismutase Nd YAG, Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet Nd Y3A15012 NIR, Near infrared FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate PEG, Polyethylene glycol FA, Fohc acid CDDP, Cisplatin TEM, Transmission electron microscopy... 

P. J. Treado, I. W. Levin, and E. N. Lewis, Near-infrared acousto-optic filtered spectroscopic microscopy A solid-state approach to chemical, Imaging. Appl. Sped. 46, 553-559 (1991). 

F. Clarke, Extracting process-related information from pharmaceutical dosage forms using near infrared microscopy, Vib. Spectr., 34, 25-35 (2004). 

RJ. Treado, I.W. Levin and E.N. Lewis, Indium antimonide (InSb) focal plane array (FRA) detection for near-infrared imaging microscopy, Appl Spectrosc., 48(5), 607-615, (1994). 

Lewis, E. N., Lee, E., and Kidder, L. H. (2004), Combining imaging and spectroscopy Solving problems with near infrared chemical imaging, Microscopy Today, 12, 8-12. 

It is not possible to discuss all the methods available for characterizing foods critically and systematically in a single volume. Methods pertaining to interfaces (food emulsions, foams, and dispersions), fluorescence, ultrasonics, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, Fourier-transform infrared and near infrared spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering, dielectrics, microscopy, rheology, sensors, antibodies, flavor and aroma analysis are included. 

The complex quantity, y6br = e (y(3)r) + i Im (x r), represents the nuclear response of the molecules. The induced polarization is resonantly enhanced when the Raman shift wp — ws matches the frequency Qr of a Raman-active molecular vibration (Fig. 6.1A). Therefore, y(3)r provides the intrinsic vibrational contrast mechanism in CRS-based microscopies. The nonresonant term y6bnr represents the electronic response of both the one-photon and the two-photon electronic transitions [30]. Typically, near-infrared laser pulses are used to prevent the effect of two-photon electronic resonances. With input laser pulse frequencies away from electronic resonances, y(3)nr is independent of frequency and is a real quantity. It is important to realize that the nonresonant contribution to the total nonlinear polarization is simply a source for an unspecific background signal, which provides no chemical contrast in some of the CRS microscopies. While CARS detection can be significantly effected by the nonresonant contribution y6bnr [30], SRS detection is inherently insensitive to it [27, 29]. As will be discussed in detail in Sects. 6.3 and 6.4, this has major consequences for the image contrast mechanism of CARS and SRS microscopy, respectively. 

By taking advantage of the deep penetration depth offered by CARS microscopy with near-infrared laser pulses, CARS tissue imaging has been demonstrated to complement other label-free optical techniques, such as auto-fluorescence that is limited to a few chemical species and optical tomography, second harmonic generation (SHG), and third harmonic generation (THG)... 

Clarke, F., Extracting Process-Related Information from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using Near Infrared Microscopy Vib. Spectrosc. 2004, 34, 25-35. 

Treado, P.J. Levin, I.W. Lewis, E.N., Indium Antimonide (InSb) Focal Plane Array (FPA) Detection for Near-Infrared Imaging Microscopy Appl. Spectrosc. 1994, 48(5), 607-615. 

Clarke, F. C., Hammond, S. V., Jee, R. D. and Moffat, A. C. (2002) Determination of the information depth and sample size for the analysis of pharmaceutical materials using reflectance near-infrared microscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 56, 1475-83. 

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