Bubbles microscopic investigation

Yount DE, Gillary EW, Hoffman DC (1984) A microscopic investigation of bubble formation nuclei. J Acoust Soc Am 76 1511-1521... 

The foam drainage, surface viscosity, and bubble size distributions have been reported for different systems consisting of detergents and proteins. Foam drainage was investigated by using an incident light interference microscope technique. 

The microscopic foam bilayer proved to be an appropriate model for investigation of alveolar surface and alveolar stability as well [21]. This approach is in agreement with the findings of Scarpelli that at birth the lung surfactant takes the form of intraalveolar bubbles with formation of foam films [e.g. 2,22,23],... 

In the average microscopic formulations this parameter determines the average number of daughter bubbles produced by breakage of a parent bubble of size d. The breakage of parent bubbles into two daughter bubbles is assumed in most investigations reported (i/ = 2). 

The results of these investigations may be used to separate the concentration overpotential from the surface overpotential in Eq. (25). Further isolation of hyperpolarization from the bubble-free kinetic polarization is not possible unless measures are taken to remove the bubbles from the surface. The concentration of dissolved gas also affects the microscopic current distribution around the bubbles and may change the conclusions one might reach from analysis of the kinetic parameters given by Eqs. (23) and (24). 

It was pointed out that measurements of laser-induced breakdown suffer from the same artifacts as DC-breakdown measurements. Impurities of low ionization energy, submicroscopic particles (dust or ice), and microscopic gas bubbles may serve as centers for the initiation of the breakdown process and mask the development of a pure avalanche breakdown (Brueck and Kildal, 1981). Subsequent investigations on the optical breakdown of liquid helium (Abrikosova and Anshukov, 1973 ... 

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