Microorganisms indirect selection

Indirect effects of residues in the environment, such as the selection of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, cannot currently be ruled out. ... 

Therefore, the effect of the prebiotic is essentially indirect because it acts selectively as a substrate for one or for a limited number of microorganisms causing a modification of the intestinal microflora it is not the prebiotic itself but rather the changes that it promotes in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which will bring the expected benefits. ... 

The past two decades have seen the establishment of a very extensive literature on the application of boron-doped diamond electrodes for the decoloration and the removal of COD and TOC from effluents, the disinfection and quality improvement of water, and the complete oxidation of particular organic molecules [26, 38, 39, 71-75]. There can be no doubt that boron-doped diamond anodes allow the effective killing of microorganisms and the complete oxidation of a wide range of organic compounds to carbon dioxide (and other inorganic fragments). Both direct and indirect mechanisms have been invoked. The direct mechanisms involve electron transfer and oxidation via weakly adsorbed OH radicals, while the indirect mechanisms have seen a role for solution-free OH radicals, ozone, sulfate radicals, or chlorine compounds if suitable anions are present or added. Indirect routes via ozone [20, 21] and sulfate radicals [40, 74, 76-78] can, of course, become dominant with appropriate selection of the conditions. This literature has been extensively reviewed and the interested reader is referred to these reviews [26, 38, 39, 71-75]. 

Because of the probability of residual microorganisms on equipment, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of any sanitation program. Sampling sites on winery equipment should be selected to include aU points that are liable to shelter microorganisms. Of importance would be to sample direct-contact surfaces such as crushers, stemmers, presses, the interior of pipelines, conveyors, and tanks. Other areas to sample include where indirect contamination could occur such as condensation from ceilings or equipment, aerosols, and lubricants. 

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