Transmission electron micrograph polymerization

Figure 10.6. Transmission electron micrographs of polystyrene particles prepared by dispersion polymerization in Freon 113 and stabilized by Fluoro-PSB-IV (a) Sample 2 (b) Sample 3.

Figure 5. Transmission electron micrograph of poly[(CO,SA,TDI)-SIN-(S,DVB)], 10/90, after being fully polymerized and postcured. Oil phase is stained dark.

Some typical transmission electron micrographs of these polystyrene lattices are shown (Sample 2 and Sample 3) in Figure 10.6. The effects ofthe amount of stabilizer S is the relative amount of stabilizer) on the particle size is strong the more stabilizer applied, the smaller the particles are. It must be emphasized that this effective stabilization of nanopowders by our fluorinated block copolymers is not restricted to polymerization processes, but can be generalized to the fabrication of all organic nanopowders in media with low cohesion energy density, e.g., to the dispersion of dyes, explosives, or drugs. 

Figure 19. Collage of series P transmission electron micrographs. The morphology changes from spheres to worm-like cylinders as monomer II polymerization proceeds. The morphology is highly suggestive of spinodal decomposition. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 43. Copyright 1984 A. M. Fernandez.)...

Figure 6a. A transmission electron micrograph of a polymerized cubic phase in the DDAB/water/methyl methacrylate) system. The dark regions correspond to PMMA and the light regions to void. Magnification is l.OOO.OOOx.

Figure 12. Transmission electron micrographs of plasma-polymerized ethylene on chromium substrate at 80 mL/min, 100 W, and (a) 0.7 torr, (b) 1.5 torr, (c) 3 torr, and (d) substrate alone (46)...

Figure 13. Transmission electron micrographs of plasma-polymerized ethylene on Teflon substrate. Polymerization conditions are the same as in Figure 12 ( 46j.

The morphology of ruber modified epoxy photopolymers was found to depend on the cure conditions as well as the nature and concentration of rubber. The commercially available acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber modifiers with varying percentages of acrylonitrile content were used. They were polymerized using a photocationic initiator involving a UV exposure followed by a thermal cure. Transmission electron micrographs of osmium tetroxide stained specimens, coupled with dynamic mechanical measurements indicated that phase separation and particle size distribution depended not only on rubber concentration and compatibility, but also on the cure conditions. 

Fig. 7. Transmission electron micrograph of stained ultramicrotomed samples of a polymerized dienyl substituted lipid, cross-linked in a cubic mesophase scale bar=100 nm. (Adapted with permission from [66])...

Fig. 15 a, b. Transmission electron micrographs of plasma polymerized CuAA film. Conditions of sample preparation 1118] power, 100 W polymerization, 1.5 min substrate temperature, 175 °C ... 

Figure 19 Transmission electron micrographs of thin sections cut from ABS materials. The rubbery domains appear darker, (a) An ABS material prepared by bulk polymerization showing the characteristic salami-like morphology of the toughening particl which contain several SAN domains within the rubber, (b) ABS materials prepared by emulsion polymerization showing cote-shell partides (i) widi and (ii) widiout subinclusions. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 29.)...

Figure 2 Surface imprinting against a transition state analogue (TSA) template, (a) The template is part of a surfactant and therefore is located at the surface of the reversed micelle during the polymerization, (b) A transmission electron micrograph of the imprinted catalytic nanoparticles. Reprinted in part with permission from Ref. 2. Copyright (2000) American Chemical Society.

FIGURE 8.54 (a, top) Transmission electron micrographs of polypyrrole tubules synthesized in 400 nm polycarbonate membrane. Polymerization time = 30 s. (b, bottom) Transmission electron micrographs of polypyrrole tubules synthesized in 400 nm polycarbonate membrane. Polymerization time = 300 s. (From Menon, V.P., Lei, J., and Martin, C.R., Chem. Mater.y 8, 2382, 1996. With permission.)... 

The clay platelets may not exfoHate fully in melt blending technique. Homogeneously exfoliated clay platelets can be obtained in in-situ polymerized polyamide nanocomposites [54]. These structrues can be observed only from transmission electron micrographs, since the XRD patterns may... 

Figure 4.5 shows a transmission electron micrograph of PANI nanotubes obtained by chemical oxidative polymerization and separated from a polycarbonate membrane. The polycarborrate template was removed by dissolving the samples in chloroform, and then by filtering the green precipitate. The rest of the polycarbon-... 

Figure 4.n Transmission electron micrographs of the silica/PMMA nanocomposite particles obtained through emulsion polymerization In alkaline solutions using Al BA... 

Figure 3 shows a transmission electron micrograph of poly(NMMAm) in a poly(p-methylstyrene)(p-MeSt) matrix. The sample was prepared by an AIBN-initiated polymerization of a p-MeSt solution containing dispersed poly(NMMAm). Poly-(NMMAm) formed in a photo-sensitized polymerization of NMMAm with DBPO in benzene was used for this electron microscopic examination. 

The synthesis of a PS/Montmorillanite clay nanocomposite prepared by combining methods 2 and 6 described earlier was published (137) (Fig. 21). They utilized living free-radical polymerization (LFRP) of styrene to provide exfoliated platelets in a PS matrix. Transmission electron micrographs and x-ray diffraction patterns support the idea of preparing nanocomposites via polymerization initiation. 

Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs of a) Au and b) Co/Co(OH), nanoparticles formed in polymerized vesicles.

Fig. 1(a) Transmission electron micrograph of lamellar single crystals of polyTSHD grown from dilute solution and thermally polymerized, (b) SADP from double-exposed area In (a). 

Finally, by controlling the polymerization time, conductive polymer tubules with thin walls (short polymerization times) or thick walls (long polymerization times) can be obtained. This point is illustrated by the transmission electron micrographs shown in Fig. 16.3 [14]. For polypyrrole, the tubules ultimately close up to form solid... 

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